REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

 Reproductive health means a total well being in
all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical,
emotional, behavioural and social.
Programmes involved in Maintaining
Reproductive Health
 Family Planning Programme.
 Reproductive & Child Health Care (RCH)
programme.

 Lack of awareness in the people.
 A number of myths and misconceptions about sex-
related aspects.
 Common occurrence of sexually-transmitted
diseases.
 Rapid increase in human population called
Population explosion.
 Illegal abortion of female foetuses.
 Congenital or acquired infertility.

 To ensure a responsible, safe and satisfying reproductive life.
 To create awareness in both male and females about various
reproduction related aspects .
 To provide sex education in the schools to save the young
from myths an misconceptions about sex-related issues.
 To prevent and control sexually transmitted diseases by
providing informations about reproductive organs.
 To educate the fertile couples about birth-control measures.
 To provide awareness about ill-effects of population
explosion, sexual abuses, sexual discrimination.
 To provide medical facilities and support.
 To improve the existing techniques and to develop new
techniques.
 To manage disorders related to reproductive system.
 To raise the marriageable age.
 To lessen the problem of infertility.

 Imposing a statutory ban on amniocentesis to
legally check increasing female foeticide.
 Massive child immunisation programmes being
followed.
 Creation of specialised health centres like
infertility clinics for the diagnosis and corrective
treatment of some infertility disorders.
 MTP was legalised in 1971 to decrease the
population size.

 Annual Average Growth rate is the percentage of
increase in population size per year. It can be
calculated with the help of the following equation :
 Annual growth rate (%)
= P2-P1
P1 X N
Where
P1= Population size of previous census.
P2 = Population size of present census.
 Census is the complete count of individuals in an
area and is done after every 10 years. First official
census of Indian population was of 1891-1901 AD.
 Another important indicator of rate of human
population growth is the doubling time.
X 100

 Birth rate (Natality rate) : Number of births per 1,000
individuals of a population per year.
 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) : TFR is the average number of
children which an average couple has or would have during
their life time.
 Replacement Rate (RR) : It is the number of children a
couple must produce to replace themselves so that there is
zero growth rate.
 Death rate (Mortality rate) : Number of deaths per 1,000
individuals of a population per year.
 Number of females individual in active reproductive age
 Emigration & Immigration : Outward and Inward
movement of individuals from an area

 Decline in Death rate
 Control of Diseases
 Decrease in Infant mortality.
 Increased Life Expectancy.
 Better education.
 Family Planning.
 Better sanitation and Community health schemes.
 Improvement in Agriculture.
 Better means of transport.
 Better storage conditions.

 Space
 Food supply
 Unemployment
 Education
 Hygienic condition
 Pollution
 Price-rise
 Energy crisis
 Eco-degradation

 Education.
 Age of Marriage
 Family Planning methods.
 Involving social organizations.
 Providing more job facilities to women.
 Proper implementation of community health
programme.
 Incentives to the people for sterilization.
 Providing facilities like contraceptives, IUD, birth
control pills, sterilization etc.

 Mechanical or Barrier methods : condoms,
Diaphragms and Cervical caps, Intra uterine
devices (Copper-T & loops)
 Chemical Methods : Spermicidal tablets, jellies,
paste, creams, Physiological (oral) devices such as
birth control pills, Implants.
 Natural & Traditional methods : To abstain, coitus
interruptus, Rhythm period, Lactational
amenorrhoea
 Surgical Methods : Male sterilization, Female
sterilization Ovariectomy, Tubectomy, Tubal
ligation.

Birth control measures- surgical techniques
Vasectomy-
 Sterilisation technique performed in
males
 Surgical removal of a part of the vas
deferens.
 Prevents transfer of sperms from
testis to urethra
Tubectomy
 Sterilisation technique performed
in females.
 Surgical removal of part of the
fallopian tubes.
 Prevents reaching of ova from
ovary to uterus.

 It is a technique to determine :
 Sex of the developing baby
 Genetically controlled congenital diseases,]
 Metabolic disorders in the foetus.
 It is a pre-natal diagnostic technique.
 Procedure :
 Location of the foetus is determined by sonography
 A fine hollow needle is passed through the abdomen into the
amniotic cavity.
 A small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn. It contains the
foetal skin cells and a number of proteins, especially enzymes.
 Significance
 Sex determination : The somatic cells in the amniotic fluid are
stained to determine the presence of sex chromatin (Barr body)
presence of barr body indicates that the developing foetus is female
with 2 X-chromosomes of which one X-chromosome is active , while
the other is heterochromatised into a darkly stained barr body.
 Congenital diseases : Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome,
Turner’s syndrome can be determined.
 Metabolic disorders : Phenylketonuria, Alcaptonuria can be
detected.
 Drawback : It is misused to identify female foetus and abort it
hence it has been banned.

 MTP or induced abortion is the termination of
pregnancy before the foetus becomes viable.
 It can be done during first few months of pregnancy.
 Methods of Abortion : There are 3 methods
 Dilatation & curettage : the cervix is dilated and
implanted embryo is removed.
 Vacuum aspiration : Aspiration of the implanted
embryo with the help of a vacuum aspirator.
 Administration of Prostglandins like PGE and PGF2
intravaginally, they cause increased uterine
contractions and abortions. Such chemicals act as
abortants.
 Significance :
 It helps in getting rid of harmful or even fatal
pregnancies.
 Drawbacks:
 It raises many emotional, ethical, religious and social
issues.
 Majority of them are performed illegally by unqualified
people which may be dangerous.
 It is being misused to abort even the normal female
foetuses.

NAME OF THE
DISEASE
CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM
INCUBATION
PERIOD
SYMPTOMS THERAPY
Chlamydiosis Chlamydia
trachomatis
About one
week
Non-gonococcal
urethritis, painful
urination
Tetracycline,
erythromycin,
rifampacin
Gonorrhoea Neisseria
gonorrhoea
2-10 days Burning sensation
during urine, gonococcal
ophthalmia
Ceftriazone,
Ampicillin,
Penicillin
Syphilis Treponema
pallidum
About 3 weeks Chancre (sores) appear
on lips or fingers, white
patches on tongue,
cheeks and gums.
Tetracycline,
Penicillin
Hepatitis B Hepatitis-B
virus
20-35 days Abdominal pain,
arthritis, Jaundice
vaccines
Genital Herpes Type-2
herpes
simplex
virus
Recurring watery
blisters on the genitalia
or buttocks, fever
painful urination,
swollen lymph
Acyclovir (
cannot be
completely
cured)

NAME OF THE
DISEASE
CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM
INCUBATION
PERIOD
SYMPTOMS THERAPY
Genital warts Human
Papilloma
virus
Warts on genital organs,
HPVs are associated
with cervix cancer
Condylox,
Laser surger,
Alpha
interferon(Alfe
ron)
Vaginal yeast
infections
Candida
albicans
Painful inflammation of
vagina in women and
inflammation of urethra
in men
Antibiotics
like Nystatin,
Clotrimazole
& Miconazole.
Trichosomiasis Trichomonas
vaginalis
Inflammation, burning
sensation, itching in
females. In males it may
spread to seminal vesicle
or prostrate gland and
cause painful swelling
Aureomycin,
Terramycin,
Metranidazole
.

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

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