Resarch design
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This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design and outlining its purposes, which include providing a scheme to answer research questions, maintaining control to avoid bias, and organizing a study. The document then covers different categories of research design, including quantitative and qualitative approaches. It provides details on descriptive, correlational, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. For each design, it discusses their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that research design establishes the framework and plan of action for a study.
Resarch design
- 2. Learning Objectives At the end of the discussion you should be able to do the following: 1-Define and explain the *concept of a research design *Purposes of research design *Characteristics of good design 2-Identify and explain the different categories and sub-categories of research design At the end of the discussion you should be able to do the following: 1-Define and explain the *concept of a research design *Purposes of research design *Characteristics of good design 2-Identify and explain the different categories and sub-categories of research design
- 3. Introduction • The research design provides the back bone structure of the study, it supports the study and hold it's together. Def: • The research design refers to the researcher overall plan for answering the research question or testing the research hypotheses
- 4. Research Design A research design is: • a framework for the research plan of action. • a master plan that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information • a strategy for how the data will be collected.
- 5. Purposes of Research Design • It provides the scheme for answering research question. • It maintains control to avoid bias that may affect the outcomes. • It organize the study in a certain way defending the advantages of doing while being aware and caution about potential disadvantages
- 6. Characteristics of good design • 1- Appropriateness to the research question. • 2- Lack of bias. • 3- Precision. • 4- Power. • Research design can be either quantitative or qualitative. Both designs complement each other because they generate different kinds of knowledge that are useful in nursing practice.
- 7. ELEMENTS
- 9. QUANTITATIVE
- 10. Qualitative
- 12. TRUE OR CLASSICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN• True or classical experimental design includes six major designs. They are • Pre-test___ post - test control group design • Solomon four – group design • post - test __ only experimental design • Factorial design • Randomized block design • Cross over design or repeated measures design.
- 13. Quasi experimental design:- two types
- 15. • Non experimental research designs
- 16. Types
- 17. Designs for nursing research The four types most commonly used in nursing are: * descriptive / exploratory survey *correlational *experimental *Quasi Experimental Design
- 18. A- Descriptive: (exploratory survey) studies • Its purpose is to provide a picture of a situation as it naturally happen, • No manipulation variable is involved • Some studies contain two variable, others may include multiple variables. • They use this design to search for accurate information about the characteristics of particular subject, group, and event or about the frequency of the phenomena.
- 19. • Advantages of descriptive: • The great deal with information obtained from large population and is surprisingly accurate. • Disadvantages of descriptive: • The information collected is very brief and superficial. • It is a time consumer process
- 20. B- Correlational design • It examine relationships between or among two or more variables in a single group. • It requires a large sample size. Subjects are not divided into groups • The correlational design doesn’t test the cause and effect relationship
- 21. Advantages OF Correlational studies : • An increase flexibility when investigating complex relationship among variables. • An effective and efficient method of collecting a large amount of data about an issue of interest. • Exploring a relationship between variables. Disadvantages 0F Correlational studies • The researcher is not employing the randomization in the sampling procedures. • The researcher is unable to determine the causal relationship between the variables because of lack of manipulation, control and randomization.
- 22. C) Experimental Research Design • Test a causal hypothesis (Cause and effect relationship) between the intervention or treatment and the outcomes Elements of true experiment design: 1- control group 2-sample randomization 3-manipulation of the independent variable.
- 23. Types of Experimental Design There are 3 types of experimental design:- 1-Pre test – post test control group design:- • the experimental and control groups are both randomly assigned from the sample that was randomly selected. • The treatment is under control of the researcher, the dependent variables is measured twice before and after manipulation of the independent variables . • the researcher observes the two groups to determine effect of manipulation (post test).
- 24. Advantages of Pre test – post test control group design :- • Threats to internal validity are minimized (control group ) • Presence of randomization leads to equal chance for the subject to be selected. • Allow the researcher to examine changes occurs. • Disadvantages :- • The results can not be generalized on both groups. • Mortality can affect one group rather than the other
- 25. 2-Post Test Only Experimental Group Design: • The pre test can not be established, and also subject response to post test can be altered by the effect of the pre test, so post test only is performed. Advantages: • Random assignment decreases the threats to validity. Disadvantages • Without the effect of pre test the researcher become unable to determine the effect of the
- 26. 3-Solomon four groups of experimental design • Four groups can be used one experimental and three are control, some times are divided equally two control and the other are experimental . • It is a stronger design than the post test only but require so complicated statistical analysis. • Advantages • Allow the examiner to examine the effect of the pre test on the post test. • Disadvantages
- 27. General Advantages of Experimental Design • Are most appropriate for testing the cause and effect relationship between the variables. • Most appropriate for testing hypothesis. General Disadvantages of Experimental Design • For some ethical reasons manipulation can not be achieved especially on the human studies. • Pre test can affect the response of post test.
- 28. D) Quasi Experimental Design:- • Quasi experiment is research design in which the researcher initiates an experimental treatment but some characteristic of true experiment is lacking either control or randomization. • it also used to test cause and effect relationship, the basic problem with the quasi experiment is the weakened confidence in making causal assertion so it is usually exposed to the subject contamination. • Example: examining differences in the amount of pain that the patient feel during painful procedure and the effect of nursing intervention on the experimental group. It might be impossible to
- 29. How and When to use Quasi-experimental research • Used when you have control over the “when and the whom of measurement”, but lack control over the “when and to whom of exposure.”(complete control is not possible) • Common in educational research.
- 31. 1. Nature of the research problem. 2. Purpose of the study. 3. Researcher’s knowledge & experience. 4. Researcher’s interest & motivation. 5.Research ethics & principles.
- 32. 6. Subjects & participants. 7. Resources. 8. Time. 9. Possible control on extraneous variables. 10.Users of the study findings.
- 33. VALIDITY OF RESEARCH DESIGNS 1.INTERNAL VALIDITY. 2.EXTERNAL VALIDITY.
- 34. INTERNAL VALIDITY THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY 1.History. 2.Maturation of subjects. 3.Testing. 4.Instrumentation change. 5.Mortality. 6.Slection bias.
- 35. EXTERNAL VALIDITY FACTORS AFFECTING EXTERNAL VALIDITY 1.Hawthrone Effect. 2.Experimental Effect. 3.Reactive effect of pre test. 4.Novelty effect. 5.People. 6.Place. 7.Time
- 36. CONCLUSION • A research design is a master plan that specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. • It is a strategy for how the data will be collected. • It provides the scheme for answering research question(s). • It maintains control to avoid bias that may affect the outcomes.
- 37. THANK YOU