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Research Formulation by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptx
- 1. Research Formulation By Dr.Ved Nath Jha, Institute of Applied Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh
- 2. Contents of ResearchFormulation Meaning Of Research Objectives Of Research Types of research Research Methods and its Methodology Research Process Formulating the research problem Extensive literature survey Development of working hypotheses Research Design and Good Research Criteria
- 3. Meaning Of Research In the broad sense research is defined as the systematic gathering of data and information, that is used to analyse over and over again for the advancement of knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to find the answers of intellectual and practical questions through the application of systematic methods
- 4. Meaning Of Research According to Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last, carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
- 5. Objectives Of Research: The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. Though each research study has its own specific purpose, we may think of research objectives as falling into a number of following broad groupings: 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies); 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
- 6. Objectives Of Research: 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research studies); 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).
- 7. Types of research 1.Descriptive versus Analytical Research Descriptive research concentrates on finding facts to ascertain the nature of something as it exists. In contrast analytical research is concerned with determining validity of hypothesis based on analysis of facts collected. 2. Applied versus Fundamental Research Applied research is carried out to find answers to practical problems to be solved and as an aid in decision making in different areas including product design, process design and policy making. Fundamental research is carried out as more to satisfy intellectual curiosity, than with the intention of using the research findings for any immediate practical application.
- 8. Types of research 3. Qualitative versus Quantitative Research Quantitative research studies such aspects of the research subject which are not quantifiable, and hence not subject to measurement and quantitative analysis. In contrast quantitative research makes substantial use of measurements and quantitative analysis techniques. 4. Conceptual versus Empirical Research Conceptual research is involving investigation of thoughts and ideas and developing new ideas or interpreting the old ones based on logical reasoning. In contrast empirical research is based on firm verifiable data collected by either observation of facts under natural condition or obtained through experimentation.
- 9. Research Methods andits Methodology To arrive at a solution for a given problem, the available data and the unknown aspects of the problem have to be related to each other to make a solution possible. So research methods can be put into the following three groups: 1. In the first group we include those methods which are concerned with the collection of data. These methods will be used where the data already available are not sufficient to arrive at the required solution; 2. The second group consists of those statistical techniques which are used for establishing relationships between the data and the unknowns; 3. The third group consists of those methods which are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.
- 10. Research Methodology When wetalk about research methodology, we not only discuss about the research methods but also consider the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our research study and explain why we are using a particular method.
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- 13. Guideline regarding theresearch process 1. Formulating the research problem. 2. Extensive literature survey. 3. Developing the hypothesis. 4. Preparing the research design. 5. Determining sample design. 6. Collecting the data.
- 14. Guideline regarding theresearch process.. 7. Execution of the project. 8. Analysis of data. 9. Hypothesis testing. 10.Generalizations and interpretation. 11.Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
- 15. Formulating the researchproblem There are two types of research problems, one which relate to the states of nature and other relate to relationships between variables. Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem, viz., understanding the problem thoroughly, and rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an analytical point of view. The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with one’s own colleagues or with those having some expertise in the matter. Extensive literature survey: Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written down. It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for a Ph.D. degree to write synopsis of the topic and submit it to the necessary Committee or the Research Board for approval.
- 16. Formulating the researchproblem Selection of research area Reviewing Literature and concerned theories Delimiting the research topic Evaluation of the research topic or problem Formulating the final statement of research problem
- 17. 2008 Submarine CableDisruption
- 18. 2008 Submarine CableDisruption
- 19. Development of workinghypotheses Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. As such the manner in which research hypotheses are developed is particularly important since they provide the focal point of the research.
- 20. Steps of WorkingHypothesis a. Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking a solution; b. Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for possible trends, peculiarities and other clues; c. Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems; and d. Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews on a limited scale with interested parties and individuals with a view to secure greater insight into the practical aspects of the problem.
- 21. Research Design Thepreparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular research problem, involves usually the consideration of the following: i. Means of obtaining the information; ii. Availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any); iii. Explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be organized and the reasoning leading to the selection; iv. Time available for research; and v. Cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose.
- 22. Criteria of GoodResearch 1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts bemused. 2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained. 3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that areas objective as possible. 4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings.
- 23. Criteria of GoodResearch 5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully. 6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis. 7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity.
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