RESEARCH METHODOLOGY NOTES FOR MCOM.pptx

K. Balambal
Assistant Professor of Commerce
SRI SARADA NIKETAN COLLEGE OF SCIENCE FOR
WOMEN, KARUR

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Meaning
Research is an endeavor to discover answers to intellectual
and practical problems through the application to scientific
method.
Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”.
--Redman and Mory

Objectives of Research
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
–Exploratory or Formularize Research.
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual ,
situation or a group—Descriptive Research.
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs orwith which
it is associated with something else—Diagnostic Research.
 To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables—
Hypothesis testing Research.`

Characteristics of research
 Research is directed towards the solution of a problem.
 Research is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
Research demands accurate observation and description.
 Research involves gathering new data from primary sources or using existing data
for a new purpose.
 Research activities are characterized by carefully designed procedures.
 Research requires expertise i.e., skill necessary to carryout investigation, search the
related literature and to understand and analyze the data gathered.

CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
 Purpose clearly defined.
 Research process detailed.
 Research design thoroughly planned.
 High ethical standard applied.
 Limitations frankly revealed.
 Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs.
 Findings presented unambiguously.
 Conclusions justified.
 Researcher’s experience reflected.

SCOPE/SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH
Throws light on risks and uncertainly.
 Identify alternative courses of action.
 Helps in economic use of resources.
 Helps in project identification.
 Solves investment problems.
 Solves pricing problems.
 Solves allocation problems.
 Solves decision making issues in HR.

TYPES OF RESEARCH
DESCRIPTIVE VS ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Descriptive Research is a fact finding investigation which is aimed at
describing the characteristics of individual, situation or a group (or)
describing the state of affairs as it exist at present.
Analytical research is primarily concerned with testing hypothesis and
specifying and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the facts or
information already available.

APPLIED VS FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
Applied research or action research is carried out to find solution to a
real life problem requiring an action or policy decision.
Fundamental research which is also known as basic or pure research is
under taken for the sake of knowledge without any intention to apply it in
practice. It is undertaken out of intellectual curiosity and is not necessarily
problem oriented.

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is employed for measuring the quantity or amount
of a particular phenomena by the use of statistical analysis.
Qualitative research is a non-quantitative type of analysis which is aimed
at finding out the quality of a particular phenomenon.

CONCEPTUAL VS EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Conceptual research is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
Empirical research is a data based research which depends on experience or
observation alone. it is aimed at coming up with conclusion without due
regard for system and theory.

Exploratory research: it is the preliminary study of an unfamiliar problem, about
which the researcher has little or no knowledge. It is aimed to gain familiarity with
the problem, to generate new ideas or to make a precise formulation of the problem.
hence it is also known as formulative research.
 Experimental research: it is designed to assess the effect of one particular variable on
a phenomenon by keeping the othervariables constant or controlled.
 Historical research: it is the study of past records and other information sources,
with a view to find the origin and development of a phenomenon and to discover the
trends in the past, in order to understand the present and to anticipate the future.

PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
Uncontrollable variables.
Human tendencies.
Time and money.
Lack of computerization.
Lack of scientific training in the methodology of research.
 Insufficient interaction between university research
departments and business establishments.

Lack of confidence on the part of business units to give
information.
Lack of code of conduct.
Difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial assistance.
Poor library management and functioning.
Difficulty of timely availability of published data.
Ignorance.
Research for the sake of research—limited practical utility
though they may use high sounding business jargon

Survey Research
Survey Research is defined as the process of conducting research
using surveys that are sent to survey respondents. The data
collected from surveys is then statistically analyzed to draw
meaningful research conclusions.

PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTING SURVEY RESEARCH
METHODS
Decide survey questions
Finalize a target audience
Send out surveys via decided mediums
Analyse survey results

FIVE STAGES OF SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
Decide an aim for research
Filter the sample from target population
Zero-in on a survey method
Design the questionnaire
Send out surveys and Analyze results

CASE STUDY
A case study is a research methodology that has
commonly used in social sciences. ... Case studies are
based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group or event to explore the causes of
underlying principles

Advantages of Case Study Method
Intensive Study. Case study method is responsible for intensive study of a unit. It is the
investigation and exploration of an event thoroughly and deeply.
 No Sampling. It studies a social unit in its entire perspectives. It means there is no
sampling in case study method.
 Continuous Analysis. It is valuable in analyzing continuously the life of a social unit to
dig out the facts.
Hypothesis Formulation. This method is useful for formulation of hypothesis for
further study.
 Comparisons. It compares different type of facts about the study of a unity.
 Increase in Knowledge. It gives the analytical power of a person to increase knowledge
about a social phenomena.

Generalization of Data. Case study method provides grounds for
generalization of data for illustrating statistical findings.
Comprehensive. It is a comprehensive method of data collection in social
research.
 Locate Deviant Cases. The deviant cases are these units which behave
against the proposed hypothesis. So, it locate these deviant cases. The
tendency is to ignore them but are important for scientific study.
Farming Questionnaire or Schedule. Through case study method we can
formulate and develop a questionnaire and schedule.

EX POST FACTO RESEARCH
An ex post facto research design is a method in which
groups with qualities that already exist are compared on
some dependent variable. Also known as "after the fact"
research, An ex post facto design is considered quasi-
experimental because the subjects are not randomly
assigned - they are grouped based on a particular
characteristic or trait.

For example
A researcher is interested in how weight influences self-esteem
levels in adults. So the participants would be separated into
differing groups (underweight, normal weight, overweight) and
their self esteem levels measured. This is an ex post facto design
because a pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form the
groups.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY NOTES FOR MCOM.pptx

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