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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY public health dentistry
- 1. METHODOLOGY Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 2. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 3. In science creditgoes to the man who convinces the world, not the man to whom the idea first occurs. Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 4. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 5. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS “Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge.”
- 6. 6 TYPES OF RESEARCH 1.BASIC Vs APPLIED 5. PRIMARY Vs SECONDARY 4. CONCEPTUAL Vs EMPIRICAL 3. QUALITATIVE Vs QUANTITATIVE 2. OBSERVATIONAL Vs EXPERIMENTAL Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 7. 7 Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS NOMINAL ORDINAL INTERVAL RATIO DISCRETE They are called as attributes. They are qualitative in nature e.g. Race, Sex, Religion….. CONTINUOUS They are also called variables. They are quantitative in nature. e.g. Height, weight, RBC’ count.. TYPES OF DATA
- 8. HIERACHY OF EVIDENCE DrVeeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 9. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 10. 10 Directional hypothesis Non directionalhypothesis Research hypothesis Null hypothesis Simple hypothesis Complex hypothesis 1 3 2 Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Increase in independent variable, will increase the dependent variable It will tell the association but not the direction No dose-response relation IQ increases and short time memory decreases as the age increases. IQ increases as the age increases.
- 11. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS P - Value
- 12. Confidence level 95%means….. Significance level 5% means….. SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL INDICATES THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE ANSWER WILL FALL OUTSIDE THAT RANGE. CONFIDENCE LEVEL INDICATES THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE ANSWER WILL FALL WITHIN THAT RANGE. If p <0.05, the probability of getting a difference between groups purely by chance or luck is less than 5%
- 13. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 14. Finding Mean, Medianand Mode in a given Data Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Measures of Central Tendency:
- 15. SD -1 SD+1 SD -2 SD +2 SD -3 SD +3 9.30 am 9.20 am 9.40 am Standard Deviation
- 16. Correct decision Type2 error Probability = beta error Type 1 error Probability = Alfa Correct decision Sensitivity= correctly identify those who have the diseases Specificity= correctly identify those who do not have the diseases Universe of outcomes True Positive False Negative False Positive True Negative Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 17. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 18. PROBABILITY SAMPLING Simple randomsampling Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling Multistage sampling Systematic sampling Pathfinder surveys NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING Convenience sampling Consecutive sampling Quota sampling Judgment/Purposive sampling Snow ball sampling SAMPLING Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 19. 19 Classification Experimental studies /Intervention studies 1. Randomized controlled trials 2. Field trials 3. Community trials Observational studies 1) Descriptive studies 2) Analytical studies Case-control study Cohort study Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS STUDY DESIGNS
- 20. Descriptive Study design Is thereany association Strength of Association Concrete Proof Experimental designs Cohort study Choose the study design based on the data you have… Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 21. DESCRIPTIVE STUDY DESIGN STEPS 1)Defining the Population to be studied 2) Defining the Disease under study 3) Describing the disease by Time, Place, Person. 4) Measurement of disease 5) Comparing with Known Indices 6) Formulation of an Etiological Hypothesis Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 22. ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CASE-CONTROL STUDYSTEPS 1) SELECTION OF CASES & CONTROLS 4) ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 3) MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE 2) MATCHING Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS COHORT STUDY STEPS • Selection of study subjects • Obtaining data on exposure • Selection of comparison groups • Follow up • Analysis
- 23. POPULATION CASES PEOPLE WITH DISEASES CONTROLS WITHNO DISEASES Exposed (a) Not exposed (c) Exposed (b) Not exposed (d) TIME DIRECTION OF ENQUIRY 1) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES ANALYTICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
- 24. POPULATION PEOPLE WITHOUTDISEASES EXPOSED NOT EXPOSED DISEASES NO DISEASES DISEASES NO DISEASES DESIGN OF COHORT STUDIES Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS TIME DIRECTION OF ENQUIRY
- 25. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY DESIGN Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS ANIMAL EXPERIMENT HUMAN EXPERIMENT
- 26. THEY ARE BROADLYDIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES 1. RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS: 2. NON RANDOMIZED TRIALS: 1. UNCONTROLLED TRIALS 2. NATURAL EXPERIMENTS/ QUASI TRIALS 3. BEFORE AND AFTER COMPARISON STUDIES 1. CLINICAL TRIALS 2. PREVENTIVE TRIALS 3. RISK FACTOR TRIALS 4. CESSATION EXPERIMENTS 5. TRIAL OF AETIOLOGICAL AGENTS 6. EVALUATION OF HEALTH SERVICES Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 27. Select suitable population (Referenceor Target Population) Select suitable sample (Experimental or study population) Those not eligible Those who do not wish to give consent Make necessary exclusions RANDOMIZE Experimental group Control Group Manipulation & Follow up Assessment DESIGN OF A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
- 28. CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY LONGITUDINALSTUDY Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 29. Patients Random Assignment Exposedto Specific Treatment Unexposed to Specific Treatment Observation Compare Outcome Compare Outcome Exposed & Unexposed to treatment CONCURRENT PARALLEL STUDY DESIGN CROSS-OVER TYPE OF STUDY DESIGN Time Patients Random Assignment Observation Time Exposed to Specific Treatment Unexposed to Specific Treatment
- 30. BIAS BIAS IS ASYSTEMATIC ERROR IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE EXPOSURE AND DISEASE. It is an influence that produces distortion in the study results. It cannot be eliminated completely but it can be marginalized by 1. Matching 2. Randomization 3. Blinding. Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Selection Bias Recall Bias Publication/Reporting Bias Funding Bias Berksonion Bias Surveillance Bias Interviewer Bias Types
- 31. 31 Get an Idea Turningresearch problem to Research question Translate it into a working hypothesis Review the relevant Literature Realistically evaluate what you are about to do i.e. preparing the research designs Determine the sample design Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Procedural steps in doing RESEARCH
- 32. Write a protocol Submitit to IRB and then to university Design and conduct Research Analyze the data Hypothesis testing Draw conclusions Generalization and Interpretation Preparation of report Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Procedural steps in doing RESEARCH
- 33. Vipeholm Dental cariesstudy (1954) Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS Ethical Issues in Scientific Research
- 34. Protecting Human Subjects Treating subjects Fairly Treatingsubjects Equally Three goals of research ethics Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 35. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 36. What should anInformed Consent should contain? • Aims of the research • Duration of participation • Procedures employed • Risks & discomforts • Benefits • Alternative procedures • Privacy & confidentiality • Compensation • Availability of medical treatments if injury occurs • Whom to contact • Voluntary Participation • May discontinue participation at any time without penalty • Authorization to publish Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 37. • Chair person– should be from outside the institution • Member Secretary from the institution • One legal expert or retired judge • 1-2 basic medical scientists • 1-2 clinicians from various institutes • One social scientist/representative of NG voluntary agency • One philosopher/ethicist/theologian • One lay person • If required, subject experts could be invited to offer views Members of IRB Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 38. 1. Outright approvalAt most, only very minor changes are suggested. The application contained all necessary information . 2. Approval with modifications There is enough information to judge the study, but clarification or changes are needed. Decision of IRB 3. Resubmit with more information There is not enough information to judge the application appropriately. 4. Outright disapproval There is no way the researcher can ethically do the study. Dr Veeranna Ramesh, Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 39. veerannaramesh @gmail.com Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS
- 40. Dr Veeranna Ramesh,Public Health Dentist, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MSRUAS