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Respiratory system
The human respiratory system is essential for providing oxygen to body cells and removing carbon dioxide, involving processes like external and internal respiration. It includes components such as the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, which facilitate gas exchange and airway passage. The document also describes pulmonary volumes and conditions like bronchial asthma that can affect respiration.
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Respiratory system
- 1. HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Prof. AmolB Deore MVP’s Institute of pharmaceutical Sciences, Adgaon
- 2. The cells ofhuman body require a constant supply of oxygen to stay alive. The respiratory system provides O2 to the body cells while removing CO2, a waste product. Exchange of gases (O2 andCO2) between the blood and the lungs is called external respiration and that between the blood and the cells internal respiration. Respiration is the overall exchange of the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere, the blood, and the cells.
- 6. The larynx isalso called as the ‘voice box’, a name that indicates one of its functions, which is speaking.The other function of the larynx is to be an air passageway between the pharynx and the trachea. The walls of the larynx are made up of 9 pieces of cartilage.The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage of the larynx, which you can sense on the anterior surface of your neck. The epiglottis is the uppermost cartilage. It acts as a lid; it closes off the larynx during swallowing hence protecting the lungs from accidental inhalation of foreign objects.
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- 9. The trachea or‘windpipe’ is a tubular passageway for air and is located anterior to the esophagus.The trachea is extends from the larynx to the fifth thoracic vertebra where it divides into right and left bronchi.Trachea is about 10 to 12 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. Its epithelium is ciliated columnar cells with goblet cells that produce mucus. It is made up of smooth muscle and connective tissue, is covered by incomplete 16 to 20 curved rings (C shaped) of hyaline cartilage (shaped like a rack of Cs). The open parts of the Cs face the esophagus and allow it to expand into the trachea during swallowing.The closed part of the Cs forms a solid support to prevent collapse of the tracheal wall.
- 10. Functions • The C-shapedcartilage rings provide a rigid support so tracheal wall does not collapse inward and obstruct the air passageway. It provides large air passageway for respiration. The C-shaped cartilages of trachea keep it permanently open for air passage. • The cells of trachea secrete the mucus which is also helpful for removing the dust particles or bacteria. • If a foreign object gets caught in the trachea, a cough reflex expels it. • Trachea helps for moistening, warming and filtering of incoming air.
- 11. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIALTREE Thetrachea divides into right and left primary bronchus.The right primary bronchus branches from the trachea and goes to the right lung; the left primary bronchus branches and goes to the left lung. The primary bronchi divided into secondary bronchi that go into the lobes of the lungs.The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) and the left lung has two. The secondary bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi, which divided into the segments of the lobes of the lungs. Tertiary bronchi divided into smaller branches called bronchioles. Bronchioles finally branch into the smallest branches called terminal bronchioles.
- 14. • The lungis not a hollow balloon-like structure but a spongy mass of tissue consisting of millions of microscopic balloons called alveoli, surrounded by capillaries. Because this continuous branching of the bronchi resembles a tree and its branches, it is commonly referred to as a bronchial tree.
- 18. LUNGS The lungs arepaired cone shaped organs lying in the thoracic cavity.They are separated from each other by the heart in the mediastinum cavity.The pleural membranes are the serous membranes of the thoracic cavity. The outer membrane of lung is called the parietal pleura, and the inner membrane is called visceral pleura.The space between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura is pleural cavity, which contains a lubricating fluid.This fluid reduces friction between the membranes and allows them to move easily on one another during breathing.
- 20. INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES The intercostalmuscles are 11 pairs of the muscle which occupy the space between the 12 pairs of thoracic ribs.They are arranging in the two layers.
- 21. • The externalintercostal muscle-They extend downward and forward • The internal intercostal muscle-They extend downward and backward When the intercostal muscle contract the ribs are pulled upward towards the first rib which is non-moving or fixed, due to the up lifting the ribs expand in forward direction leading to the expansion of the thoracic cavity.
- 24. PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION (BREATHING) •Respiration is divided in to two phases: External respiration Internal tissue respiration
- 25. External (pulmonary) respiration Theexchange of the oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of the lung and pulmonary blood capillaries is called external pulmonary respiration. It results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood. Right ventricle Deoxygenated blood Pulmonary artery Alveoli (atmospheric air) Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Pulmonary blood capillaries Oxygenated blood
- 26. • The partialpressure of O2 (PO2) in pulmonary blood capillary is 40 mmHg but in the alveolar sacs (atmospheric air) of the lungs PO2 is 104 mmHg.Therefore, due to this pressure difference, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood cells.The hemoglobin molecules can reversibly combine with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin. Haemoglobin + oxygen Oxyhemoglobin • The partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in pulmonary blood capillary is 45 mmHg and in the alveolar air is 40 mmHg hence due to the pressure difference; CO2 diffuses from pulmonary blood capillaries to the alveoli.
- 27. Partial pressure ofgas in mmHg In pulmonary blood capillaries PO2 40 PCO2 45 In alveoli PO2 104 PCO2 40
- 28. InternalTissue Respiration The exchangeof oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood capillaries and tissue cells is called internal tissue respiration. It results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood. Left ventricle Oxygenated blood Aorta Arteries Tissues & cells Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 Capillaries Arterioles Deoxygenated blood
- 29. • The oxygenatedblood passes from the aorta to the arteries, arterioles and capillaries to the tissue cells. At the tissue level the O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the blood and the tissues cell.The partial pressure of O2 (PO2) in the blood of the capillaries is about 100 mmHg and in the tissue is about 40 mmHg.This pressure difference of the oxygen leads to the diffusion of oxygen from blood to the tissue cell. • The partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) in the systemic blood capillary is 40 mmHg and in the tissues is 45 mmHg. Due to pressure difference, CO2 diffuse from tissues to the systemic blood capillaries.This deoxygenated blood returns back to the heart. • The hemoglobin molecules can reversibly combine with CO2 to form carbaminohemoglobin.
- 30. Hemoglobin + CO2Carbamino-hemoglobin Partial pressure of gas in mmHg In systemic blood capillaries PO2 100 PCO2 40 In tissues PO2 40 PCO2 45
- 31. PULMONARYVOLUMES Tidal volume (TV) •The volume of air which inspired and expired during normal quiet breathing. • NormalTidal volume= 500mL Inspiratory reserve volume • The amount of air that can be breathed inside and above the tidal volume by deepest possible inspiration called Inspiratory reserve volume. • Normal value= 3000mL
- 32. Expiratory reserve volume •The amount of air that can be breathed out after forceful expiration above the tidal volume is known as expiratory reserve volume. • Normal value= 1400mL Vital capacity • Vital capacity is the volume of air which passes inside and goes outside by most forceful inspiration and expiration. • NormalVital capacity= 3-5 liters
- 33. Residual volume • Theamount of air remaining in the lungs after the most powerful expiration is known as residual volume. • Normal value= 1200-1500mL Total lung capacity The volume of air which inspired and expired during maximal forceful breathing. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume. Total lung capacity=Vital capacity + Residual volume TLC=VC + RV
- 34. Bronchial asthma • Bronchialasthma is a critical allergic condition characterized by narrowing of bronchial smooth muscles (bronchoconstriction) and excess mucus secretion that result in obstruction in air passage in respiratory tract. Symptoms include shortness of breathing, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing etc. • Causes include allergens, seasonal cold conditions, dust, pollen grains, insect bites, emotional stress etc.