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Respiratory System PPT, Anatomy and Physiology
- 2. The majorfunction of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. To accomplish this function, at least four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen: 1. Pulmonary ventilation (commonly called breathing) 2. External respiration 3. Transport of respiratory gases 4. Internal respiration. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 3. The respiratoryand circulatory systems are closely coupled, and if either system fails, the body’s cells begin to die from oxygen starvation. The actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells, known as cellular respiration, is the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in the body. Cellular respiration, is not a function of the respiratory system. Because it moves air, the respiratory system is also involved with the sense of smell and with speech. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY The respiratory system consists of: the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts: (1) the upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures; (2) the lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 6. The noseis a special organ at the entrance to the respiratory system that is divided into a visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull called the nasal cavity. UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY Nose This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 7. The externalnose, the skin and muscle-covered portion of the nose visible on the face, is an extension of bone and cartilage with an internal dividing wall and two entryways (the nostrils); The paired lateral nasal cartilages form the sides of the midportion of the external nose. They are connected to the nasal bones, maxillae, septal nasal cartilage, and major alar cartilages. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 8. The pairedmajor alar cartilages form the sides of the inferior portion of the external nose. There are three or four small pieces of cartilage posterior to the major alar cartilages called the minor alar cartilages. The openings into the external nose are the external nares or nostrils, which lead into cavities about the size of a fingertip called the nasal vestibules. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 9. Nasal Cavity Theinternal nasal cavity lies in and posterior to the external nose. During breathing, air enters the cavity by passing through the nostrils or nares. The nasal cavity is divided by a midline nasal septum, formed anteriorly by the septal cartilage and posteriorly by the vomer bone and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The nasal cavity is continuous posteriorly with the nasal portion of the pharynx through the posterior nasal apertures, also called the choanae. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 10. The roofof the nasal cavity is formed by the ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull. The floor is formed by the palate, which separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity below. Anteriorly, where the palate is supported by the palatine bones and processes of the maxillary bones, it is called the hard palate. The unsupported posterior portion is the muscular soft palate. The part of the nasal cavity just superior to the nostrils, called the nasal vestibule, is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 11. The rest ofthe nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucous membrane. The small patch of olfactory mucosa lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors in its olfactory epithelium. The respiratory mucosa lines most of the nasal cavity. The respiratory mucosa is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, containing scattered goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 12. Three shelvescalled conchae or turbinates, formed by projections of the superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae, extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The conchae, almost reaching the bony nasal septum, subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a series of groove-like passageways—the superior, middle, and inferior nasal meatuses. A mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and its shelves. The arrangement of conchae and meatuses increases surface area in the nasal cavity and prevents dehydration by acting as a baffle that traps water droplets during exhalation. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 15. Paranasal Sinuses Thenasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of paranasal sinuses. They are located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. The sinuses lighten the skull, and together with the nasal cavity they warm and moisten the air. The mucus they produce ultimately flows into the nasal cavity, and the suctioning effect created by nose blowing helps drain the sinuses. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 16. The Pharynx Thefunnel-shaped pharynx connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly. Commonly called the throat, the pharynx vaguely resembles a short length of garden hose as it extends for about 13 cm (5 inches) from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. From superior to inferior, the pharynx is divided into three regions —the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The muscular pharynx wall is composed of skeletal muscle throughout its length. However, the cellular composition of its mucosa varies from one pharyngeal region to another. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 17. The pharyngotympanic(auditory) tubes, which drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure, open into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx. A ridge of pharyngeal mucosa posterior to each of these openings constitutes the tubal tonsil. Its strategic location helps protect the middle ear against infections likely to spread from the nasopharynx. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 18. The Nasopharynx Thenasopharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity, inferior to the sphenoid bone, and superior to the level of the soft palate. During swallowing, the soft palate and its pendulous uvula move superiorly, an action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity. The nasopharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal apertures. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 19. The Oropharynx Theoropharynx lies posterior to the oral cavity and is continuous with it through an archway called the isthmus of the fauces. Because the oropharynx extends inferiorly from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis, both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it. The paired palatine tonsils lie embedded in the lateral walls of the oropharyngeal mucosa just posterior to the oral cavity. The lingual tonsil covers the posterior surface of the tongue. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 20. The Laryngopharynx Likethe oropharynx above it, the laryngopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air. It lies directly posterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge. At that point the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. . This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 22. The arterialsupply of the pharynx includes the ascending pharyngeal artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, the descending palatine and pharyngeal branches of the maxillary artery, and the muscular branches of the superior thyroid artery. The veins of the pharynx are similar in name to the arteries and drain into the pterygoid plexus and the internal jugular veins. Most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by nerve branches from the pharyngeal plexus supplied by the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 24. LOWER RESPIRATORY SYSTEMANATOMY Larynx The larynx, or voice box, is a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae (C4–C6). The wall of the larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage. Three occur singly (thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage), and three occur in pairs (arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages). Of the paired cartilages, the arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they influence the positions and tensions of the vocal folds (true vocal cords). This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 25. The extrinsicmuscles of the larynx connect the cartilages to other structures in the throat; The intrinsic muscles connect the cartilages to each other. The cavity of the larynx is the space that extends from the laryngeal entrance to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage. The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vestibular folds is called the laryngeal vestibule. The portion of the cavity of the larynx below the vocal folds is called the infraglottic cavity. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 27. The thyroidcartilage, the largest cartilage of the larynx, consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the upper anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and give it a triangular shape. The anterior junction of the two plates forms the laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple). Above the prominence is a V-shaped notch that can be palpated with your fingertip. The ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone just superior to it is called the thyrohyoid membrane. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 28. The epiglottisis a large, leafshaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium The “stem” of the epiglottis is the tapered inferior portion that is attached to the anterior rim of the thyroid cartilage. The broad superior “leaf” portion of the epiglottis is unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door. During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise. Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or drink; elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the opening into the larynx, closing it off. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 29. The cricoidcartilage is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament. The thyroid cartilage is connected to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 30. The cricoidcartilage is the landmark for making an emergency airway called a tracheotomy. The paired arytenoid cartilages are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of mobility. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 31. The pairedcorniculate cartilages horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage, are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage. The paired cuneiform cartilages are club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages at the lateral aspect of the epiglottis. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 32. In contrastto the action of the cilia in the upper respiratory tract, which move mucus and trapped particles down toward the pharynx, the cilia in the lower respiratory tract move the mucus up toward the pharynx. Substances in cigarette smoke inhibit movement of cilia. If the cilia are paralyzed, only coughing can remove mucus–dust packages from the airways. This is why smokers cough so much and are more prone to respiratory infections. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 33. The arteriesof the larynx are the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries. The superior and inferior laryngeal veins accompany the arteries. The superior laryngeal vein empties into the superior thyroid vein, and the inferior laryngeal vein empties into the inferior thyroid vein. The nerves of the larynx are both branches of the vagus (X) nerve. The superior laryngeal nerve enters the larynx from above, and the recurrent laryngeal nerve ascends through the base of the neck to enter the larynx from below. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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- 35. The Trachea Thetrachea, or windpipe, descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum. It ends by dividing into the two main bronchi at midthorax. In humans, it is 10–12 cm (about 4 inches) long and 2 cm (3/4 inch) in diameter, and very flexible and mobile. Interestingly, early anatomists mistook the trachea for a rough-walled artery. The tracheal wall consists of several layers that are common to many tubular body organs—the mucosa, submucosa, and adventitia—plus a layer of hyaline cartilagecontinually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
- 36. The arteries ofthe trachea are branches of the inferior thyroid, internal thoracic, and bronchial arteries. The veins of the trachea terminate in the inferior thyroid veins. The smooth muscle and glands of the trachea are innervated parasympathetically by branches of the vagus (X) nerves. Sympathetic innervation is through branches from the sympathetic trunk and its ganglia. This lecture is intellectual property and it’s distribution or usage without consent of author is prohibited by low.
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