Restrictions on articles
and activities injurious
to Environment
Preeti Kana Sikder
Assistant Professor
Department of Law & Justice
Jahangirnagar University
Exclusive factors of the BECA
īĩ Creation of a dedicated institution
īĩ Enabling powers of the Director General
īĩ Environmental Clearance Certificate
īĩ Restrictions on articles and activities injurious
to Environment
īĩ Imposing penalties
īĩ Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas
(ECAs)
S: 139: Fitting and using of prohibited
horns or other sound producing device
MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983
Whoever uses or being the owner or person in charge of
motor vehicle fits, causes or allows fitting of any horns
or any sound producing devices prohibited by any
competent authority having jurisdiction over the area or
prohibited under the provision of this Ordinance or any [
rules or regulations] made thereunder or uses horn or
any sound producing device where its use is prohibited
shall be punishable with fine which may extend to [ one
hundred] Taka.
S: 150 – Using of motor vehicle emitting smokes
MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983
(1) Whoever drives or causes or allows or lets out a motor vehicle for use in any
public place, the smoke of which would constitute a health hazard, shall be
punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred Taka.
(2) Any police officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector of Police in uniform
authorised in this behalf by the [ Authority or any Inspector of Motor Vehicles or
other persons authorised in this behalf by the Authority] may seize and detain such
vehicle for such time as may be necessary to ascertain if the smokes constitute a
health hazard.
(3) No person shall be convicted of an offence punishable under sub-section (1)
solely on the evidence of a witness unless that opinion is based on a test by the
competent person.
Provisions for Smoke Controlling Apparatus
īĩ Section 6: A vehicle emitting
smoke or gas injurious to health
or environment shall not be
operated nor shall such vehicles
be switched on
īĩ Rule 4: For the purposes of S.6,
every motor vehicle using petrol,
diesel or gas as fuel shall be
fitted with catalytic converter or
oxidation catalyst or diesel
particulate filter, or with such
other instrument or device as
approved by the DG
Provisions for Smoke Controlling Apparatus
īĩ Pollutant gases are made of
harmful molecules, but
those molecules are made
from relatively harmless
atoms.
īĩ So in order to split up the
molecules after they leave a
car's engine and before they
get pumped out into the air
a catalytic converter is
used.
Penalty for violating these provisions
Section 15: Serial 3
Penalty for violating these provisions
When such penalty is imposed, the fact of such imposition
shall be recorded briefly in such document or
demonstrated on such conspicuous part of the vehicle
The person importing or marketing, shall
obtain written approval from the DG by
demonstrating and proving its
effectiveness
Rule 7B: Restriction on importation and marketing
or environmentally harmful smoke controlling
apparatus
Pollution under Control Certificate
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules, 1998
Rule 7A: Procedure for issuance
Form 4: The Certificate
Pollution under
Control Certificate
Within two months after the
vehicle is fitted with the
apparatus specified in sub-rule (1)
of Rule 4 and registration and
fitness certificate is issued, or as
the case may be, the owner of the
vehicle shall obtain the “Pollution
under Control Certificate” from
the Director General in
accordance with form-4
Some people believe catalytic converters make
climate change worse because they turn carbon
monoxide into carbon dioxide. In fact, the carbon
monoxide your car produces would eventually turn
into carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all by itself,
so a catalytic converter makes no difference on that
score: it simply reduces the carbon monoxide a car
pumps into the street as it drives along, improving
the local air quality.
Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
īĩ Although these converters turn most nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and
oxygen, they also produce small amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the
process, a greenhouse gas that's over 300 times more potent than
carbon dioxide.
īĩ The trouble is that with so many vehicles on the road, even small
amounts of nitrous oxide add up to a major problem.
īĩ Back in 2000, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted:
"The introduction of catalytic converters as a pollution control
measure in the majority of industrialized countries is resulting in a
substantial increase in N2O emissions from gasoline vehicles.“
īĩ While catalytic converters have certainly helped us to tackle short-
term air pollution, there are concerns that, when it comes to long-term
climate change, they could be making matters worse.
Recent Measures?
āϏ⧜āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āφāχāύ, ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž
( ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āϏāύāύāĻŋ ā§Ēā§­ āύāĻ‚ āφāχāύ )
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āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āϜāύāϝ āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āϰāϏāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ⧇; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚
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Ordinance, 1983 (Ordinance No. LV of 1983) āĻŋāϰāĻšāϤāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āωāĻšāĻžāĻŋ
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āĻĒā§āϰāύ⧟āĻžāϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ;
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āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāχāύ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ™ā§āϘāύ āĻšāχāύāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻœā§āϜāύāϝ āϰāϤāϰāύ āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āϰāϤāύ)
āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ (āϰāĻŦāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŋ ⧇āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāϝ⧇āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āωāϭ⧟ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄ ⧇āϰāĻŖā§āĻĄāϤ
āĻšāχāύāĻŦāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āϚāĻž āύāĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻ•ā§āώāύāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻ…āϰāϤāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻšāϏāĻžāύāĻŦ āϝ⧇āĻžāώāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāύ⧟āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ•āϤāϝ āύ
āĻšāχāύāĻŦāĨ¤
āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻĒāύāσ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŦāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ
ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāĨ¤ āĻāχ āφāχāύāύ āωāϰāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϤ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āϜāύāϝ
⧇āĻŖā§āĻĄāύāĻ­āĻžā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻŋāĻžāĻŦ⧃āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύ , āωāĻ•ā§āϤ
āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻ• āϏāĻ‚ āϟāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āϜāύāϝ āϰāύāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāύāĻŦāϝāĻžāĻšā§āϚ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ
āϰāĻĻā§āĻŦāϗ⧁āĻŖ ⧇āύ⧇ ⧇āϰ⧇āϤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ⧇āĻžāχāύāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻšāĻž āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āĻĒā§‚āύāĻŦāϝ
āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŋ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āϰāĻĻā§āĻŦāϗ⧁āύāĻŖāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāχāύāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤
Thank You

Restrictions on Articles and Activities Injurious to Environment: Motor Vehicles

  • 1.
    Restrictions on articles andactivities injurious to Environment Preeti Kana Sikder Assistant Professor Department of Law & Justice Jahangirnagar University
  • 2.
    Exclusive factors ofthe BECA īĩ Creation of a dedicated institution īĩ Enabling powers of the Director General īĩ Environmental Clearance Certificate īĩ Restrictions on articles and activities injurious to Environment īĩ Imposing penalties īĩ Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs)
  • 4.
    S: 139: Fittingand using of prohibited horns or other sound producing device MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983 Whoever uses or being the owner or person in charge of motor vehicle fits, causes or allows fitting of any horns or any sound producing devices prohibited by any competent authority having jurisdiction over the area or prohibited under the provision of this Ordinance or any [ rules or regulations] made thereunder or uses horn or any sound producing device where its use is prohibited shall be punishable with fine which may extend to [ one hundred] Taka.
  • 5.
    S: 150 –Using of motor vehicle emitting smokes MOTOR VEHICLES ORDINANCE, 1983 (1) Whoever drives or causes or allows or lets out a motor vehicle for use in any public place, the smoke of which would constitute a health hazard, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred Taka. (2) Any police officer not below the rank of Sub Inspector of Police in uniform authorised in this behalf by the [ Authority or any Inspector of Motor Vehicles or other persons authorised in this behalf by the Authority] may seize and detain such vehicle for such time as may be necessary to ascertain if the smokes constitute a health hazard. (3) No person shall be convicted of an offence punishable under sub-section (1) solely on the evidence of a witness unless that opinion is based on a test by the competent person.
  • 6.
    Provisions for SmokeControlling Apparatus īĩ Section 6: A vehicle emitting smoke or gas injurious to health or environment shall not be operated nor shall such vehicles be switched on īĩ Rule 4: For the purposes of S.6, every motor vehicle using petrol, diesel or gas as fuel shall be fitted with catalytic converter or oxidation catalyst or diesel particulate filter, or with such other instrument or device as approved by the DG
  • 7.
    Provisions for SmokeControlling Apparatus īĩ Pollutant gases are made of harmful molecules, but those molecules are made from relatively harmless atoms. īĩ So in order to split up the molecules after they leave a car's engine and before they get pumped out into the air a catalytic converter is used.
  • 8.
    Penalty for violatingthese provisions Section 15: Serial 3
  • 9.
    Penalty for violatingthese provisions When such penalty is imposed, the fact of such imposition shall be recorded briefly in such document or demonstrated on such conspicuous part of the vehicle
  • 10.
    The person importingor marketing, shall obtain written approval from the DG by demonstrating and proving its effectiveness Rule 7B: Restriction on importation and marketing or environmentally harmful smoke controlling apparatus
  • 11.
    Pollution under ControlCertificate Bangladesh Environment Conservation Rules, 1998 Rule 7A: Procedure for issuance Form 4: The Certificate
  • 12.
    Pollution under Control Certificate Withintwo months after the vehicle is fitted with the apparatus specified in sub-rule (1) of Rule 4 and registration and fitness certificate is issued, or as the case may be, the owner of the vehicle shall obtain the “Pollution under Control Certificate” from the Director General in accordance with form-4
  • 13.
    Some people believecatalytic converters make climate change worse because they turn carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. In fact, the carbon monoxide your car produces would eventually turn into carbon dioxide in the atmosphere all by itself, so a catalytic converter makes no difference on that score: it simply reduces the carbon monoxide a car pumps into the street as it drives along, improving the local air quality. Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html
  • 14.
    Source: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/catalyticconverters.html īĩ Althoughthese converters turn most nitrogen oxides into nitrogen and oxygen, they also produce small amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the process, a greenhouse gas that's over 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. īĩ The trouble is that with so many vehicles on the road, even small amounts of nitrous oxide add up to a major problem. īĩ Back in 2000, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change noted: "The introduction of catalytic converters as a pollution control measure in the majority of industrialized countries is resulting in a substantial increase in N2O emissions from gasoline vehicles.“ īĩ While catalytic converters have certainly helped us to tackle short- term air pollution, there are concerns that, when it comes to long-term climate change, they could be making matters worse.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    āϏ⧜āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻŖ āφāχāύ,⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž ( ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ž āϏāύāύāĻŋ ā§Ēā§­ āύāĻ‚ āφāχāύ ) īĩ āϝ⧇āύāĻšāϤ⧁ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āĻļāϏāĻŽā§‚āύāĻšāĻŋ āφāĻŦāĻļāϝāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻžāύ āĻžāϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āφāĻŦāĻļāϝāĻ• āϰāĻŦāύāĻŦāϰāϚāϤ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āĻļāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āϏāĻ• āϝ⧇āĻ•-āϝāĻšāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ• āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖāĻž ⧟ āĻ“ āϰāĻŦāĻ­āĻžāύ⧇āĻŋ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāύ⧟āĻžāϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āϏāĻ‚āύāĻļāĻžāĻ§ā§āύ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϜāϝ āύāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāύ⧟āĻŋ āϚāĻžāϰāĻšā§‡āĻžāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϰāϤāĻĢ āύāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžā§Ÿ āύ⧂āϤāύ āφāχāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āϜāύāϝ āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āϰāϏāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāύ⧇; āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ īĩ āϝ⧇āύāĻšāϤ⧁ āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻŋāĻŋ āωāĻĒāϰāĻŋ-āĻŦāϰāĻŖāϝāϤ āϰāϏāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāύ āĻžāύāĻ• Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1983 (Ordinance No. LV of 1983) āĻŋāϰāĻšāϤāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āωāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāύāĻžāĻŦāϰ āϰāĻŦāύāĻŦāϚāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāύ⧟āĻŋ āϚāĻžāϰāĻšā§‡āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϰāϤāĻĢ āύāύ āϰāύāĻŋāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϏ⧜āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻšāύ āĻŦāϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϰāύāϰāĻŋāϤāĻ•āύ⧇ ⧇⧁āύ⧇āĻžāĻĒāύ⧇āĻžā§‡ā§€ āύ⧂āϤāύ āφāχāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϪ⧟āύ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž āϏāĻŽā§€āĻšā§€āύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāύ⧟āĻžāϜāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ;
  • 17.
    āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āρāϰāĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻĻ āĻŽ āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻŋ āϰ⧇āϰāĻŋ-āϰāύāĻŦāώāĻŋ ā§Ēā§ŦāĨ¤ (ā§§) āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ, āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āϝ⧇āύāϜāύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŋāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚ āĻžāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāĻļ āϏāĻ‚āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āφāχāύ, ⧧⧝⧝ā§Ģ (⧧⧝⧝ā§Ģ āϏāύāύāĻŋ ā§§āύāĻ‚ āφāχāύ) āĻ“ āϤ⧇āĻ§ā§ā§€āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§€āϤ āϰāĻŦāϰāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āϏāϰāĻšāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāϏāϝ āĻŋāĻžāϰāĻŋ⧟āĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāĻļ ⧇⧂āώāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āϝāĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āρ⧟āĻž āϰāύ⧇āϝāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϝ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āϰāύāĻŋāσāϏāĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϰāύ⧇āϝāĻŽāύāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϰāύāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻŋāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāϤ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāĨ¤ (⧍) āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āϝāĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋ⧇āĻžāύ āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āϰāύāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āϰāϤāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāĻļ ⧇⧂āώāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āϝāĻ§ā§āĻžā§‹āρ⧟āĻž āϰāύ⧇āϝāĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϝ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āϰāύāĻŋāσāϏāĻŋāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āϰāύ⧇āϝāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύ , āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āϝāĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋ⧇āĻžāύāύāĻŋ āϚāĻž āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻž āύāĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāϰāϤāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āωāĻšāĻž āϚāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāϤ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤ (ā§Š) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāĻļ ⧇⧂āώāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻž ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āϝāĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋ⧇āĻžāύāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ, āĻĒ⧁āύāĻŋāσāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ⧇āĻžāχāύāĻŦ āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻžāύ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ⧇āĻžāχāύāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤ (ā§Ē) āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻŖāϝ, āĻā§ā§‹āρ āϰāĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāϝ āĻŦāĻž āϰāύāϰāώāĻĻā§āϧ āϝ āĻžāϰāώāϤ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻŦāϰāĻ§ā§-āϰāύāύāώāĻ§ā§ āφāύāĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āϤ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧜āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏ⧜āύāĻ• āϚ āĻžāϚāύ āĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāύ⧇āĻžā§‡ā§€ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āϝāĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋ⧇āĻžāύ āϚāĻž āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻž āύāĻžāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāϰāϤ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŦāύ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϝāĻžāĻŋāϝāĻžāĨ¤ - āĻāχ āωāĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āωāύ⧇āĻļāϝ āĻĒā§‚āĻŋāĻŖāĻ•āύ⧇, ‘āϏ⧜āĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāϏ⧜āύāĻ• āϚ āĻžāϚāύ āĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāύ⧇āĻžā§‡ā§€â€™ āĻ…āϰāĻ­āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āύāĻĨāϝ āύāϰāϏāĻŽāύ, āĻ•āϰāĻŋāĻŽāύ, āĻ­āĻĄ-āĻ­āϰāĻĄ, āχāϰāϜ-āĻŦāĻžāχāĻ•, āϝāĻŽāĻžā§‡āĻŋāϚāĻžāϰ āϤ āϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āϝāĻžāύ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ āϝ⧇āϰāĻŖāĻŋ āϰāĻŋ-āĻšā§āχ āĻžāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āϤ⧃āϝ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώ āĻ•āϤ⧃āϝ āĻ•, āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ, āϰāύāϰāώāĻĻā§āϧ āĻŦāĻž āϰāĻŦāϰāĻ§ā§-āϰāύāύāώāĻ§ā§ āφāύāĻŋāĻžāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒ āϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āϰ⧂āĻĒ āϝ⧇ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž ⧇āĻžāύāĻŦāĻžāĻšāύāύāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāχāύāĻŦāĨ¤
  • 18.
    āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€, āĻā§āρāϰāĻ•āĻĒā§‚āĻŖāĻŖ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻĻ āĻŽ āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻžāύ āϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻŋ āϰ⧇āϰāĻŋ-āϰāύāĻŦāώāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŋāĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āϰ⧇āĻŋāĻžāύ āϞāĻ™ā§āϘāĻŦāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ īĩ ā§Žā§¯āĨ¤ (ā§§) ⧇āϰ⧇ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āωāĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (⧍) āĻ“ (ā§Š) āĻāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāύ āĻ™ā§āϘāύ āĻ•āύāĻŋāύ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāχāύ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ™ā§āϘāύ āĻšāχāύāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻœā§āϜāύāϝ āϰāϤāϰāύ āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āϰāϤāύ) āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ⧍ā§Ģ (āĻĒā§‹āρāϰāϚāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŋ ⧇āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāϝ⧇āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āωāϭ⧟ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄ ⧇āϰāĻŖā§āĻĄāϤ āĻšāχāύāĻŦāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āϚāĻž āύāĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻ•ā§āώāύāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻ…āϰāϤāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻšāϏāĻžāύāĻŦ āϝ⧇āĻžāώāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāύ⧟āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ•āϤāϝ āύ āĻšāχāύāĻŦāĨ¤ īĩ (⧍) ⧇āϰ⧇ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž ā§Ēā§Ŧ āĻāĻŋ āωāĻĒ-āĻ§ā§āĻžāĻŋāĻž (ā§Ē) āĻāĻŋ āϰāĻŦāĻ§ā§āĻžāύ āĻ™ā§āϘāύ āĻ•āύāĻŋāύ, āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āĻšāχāύ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ™ā§āϘāύ āĻšāχāύāĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻ§ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻœā§āϜāύāϝ āϰāϤāϰāύ āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ā§Š (āϰāϤāύ) āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻŋāĻžā§‡āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āύāϰāĻ§ā§āĻ• ⧍ā§Ļ (āϰāĻŦāĻļ) āĻšāĻžāϜāĻžāĻŋ ⧇āĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻĨāϝ⧇āĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻž āωāϭ⧟ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄ ⧇āϰāĻŖā§āĻĄāϤ āĻšāχāύāĻŦāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚, āϚāĻž āύāĻ•āĻŋ āϝāĻ•ā§āώāύāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āĻ…āϰāϤāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻšāϏāĻžāύāĻŦ āϝ⧇āĻžāώāϏ⧂āϚāĻ• ā§§ (āĻāĻ•) āĻĒāύ⧟āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ•āϤāϝ āύ āĻšāχāύāĻŦāĨ¤
  • 19.
    āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāĻŋ āĻĒāύāσ āϏāĻ‚āϘāϟāĻŦāύāĻŋāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ ā§§ā§Ļā§ĻāĨ¤ āĻāχ āφāχāύāύ āωāϰāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϤ āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āϜāύāϝ ⧇āĻŖā§āĻĄāύāĻ­āĻžā§‡āĻ•āĻžāĻŋā§€ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āύāĻŋāĻžāĻŦ⧃āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύ , āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻŦāϝāϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻ• āϏāĻ‚ āϟāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŋāĻžāύāĻ§ā§āĻŋ āϜāύāϝ āϰāύāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏāύāĻŦāϝāĻžāĻšā§āϚ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āϰāĻĻā§āĻŦāϗ⧁āĻŖ ⧇āύ⧇ ⧇āϰ⧇āϤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻž ⧇āĻžāχāύāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻšāĻž āϝāĻ•āĻžāύāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāύāĻŽ āĻĒā§‚āύāĻŦāϝ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŋ ⧇āύāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋ āϰāĻĻā§āĻŦāϗ⧁āύāĻŖāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāχāύāĻŦ āύāĻžāĨ¤
  • 20.