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![Chemical weathering
• Carbonation
• Geology of National Parks3dparks.wr.usgs.gov - 800 × 596 - Search by
imageIn the past, wind-blown dust and soil probably filled the alcove to higher
levels and chemical weathering associated with shallow groundwater
• plant acids
• The Geologic Story of the Ocoee Riverpubs.usgs.gov - 378 × 233 - Search
by imagePhotograph of folded rock layers near Maddens Branch Folded rock
layers near Maddens Branch. [Photograph by David Usher, U.S. Geological
Survey]
• and oxidation
• Mars & Iron Mountain | USGS California Water Science
Centerca.water.usgs.gov - 625 × 468 - Search by imageGossan is a rock
consisting mostly of iron oxides formed by weathering of rock originally
greater than 50% iron sulfide (usually pyrite).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/reviewearthandenvironmentalscience-210421160330/85/Review-earth-and-environmental-science-2-320.jpg)
![Chemical weathering
• Carbonation
• Geology of National Parks3dparks.wr.usgs.gov - 800 × 596 - Search by
imageIn the past, wind-blown dust and soil probably filled the alcove to higher
levels and chemical weathering associated with shallow groundwater
• plant acids
• The Geologic Story of the Ocoee Riverpubs.usgs.gov - 378 × 233 - Search
by imagePhotograph of folded rock layers near Maddens Branch Folded rock
layers near Maddens Branch. [Photograph by David Usher, U.S. Geological
Survey]
• and oxidation
• Mars & Iron Mountain | USGS California Water Science
Centerca.water.usgs.gov - 625 × 468 - Search by imageGossan is a rock
consisting mostly of iron oxides formed by weathering of rock originally
greater than 50% iron sulfide (usually pyrite).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/reviewearthandenvironmentalscience-210421160330/75/Review-earth-and-environmental-science-2-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byKella Randolph
Review earth and environmental science
The document outlines various concepts in earth and environmental science, including chemical weathering, the formation of deltas, and the processes of sediment deposition. It discusses tectonic plates, earthquakes, and types of earthquakes, as well as energy sources and the implications of fossil fuel extraction. Additionally, it highlights the water cycle and the importance of conserving fresh water supplies.
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Review earth and environmental science
- 1. Review part 1 What doyou remember about Earth and Environmental Science? By Kella Randolph M.Ed. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-N9xRWfkIbGs/VEOsLg_TTCI/AAAAAAAAAWw/Y3IyeeGm4KM/s1600/esferas%2Btierra.jpg
- 2. Chemical weathering • Carbonation •Geology of National Parks3dparks.wr.usgs.gov - 800 × 596 - Search by imageIn the past, wind-blown dust and soil probably filled the alcove to higher levels and chemical weathering associated with shallow groundwater • plant acids • The Geologic Story of the Ocoee Riverpubs.usgs.gov - 378 × 233 - Search by imagePhotograph of folded rock layers near Maddens Branch Folded rock layers near Maddens Branch. [Photograph by David Usher, U.S. Geological Survey] • and oxidation • Mars & Iron Mountain | USGS California Water Science Centerca.water.usgs.gov - 625 × 468 - Search by imageGossan is a rock consisting mostly of iron oxides formed by weathering of rock originally greater than 50% iron sulfide (usually pyrite).
- 3. Caves Chemical weathering isthe main cause of the formation of most caves. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Treak_Cliff_Cavern_-_interior_-_Andy_Mabbett_- _38.JPG/1280px-Treak_Cliff_Cavern_-_interior_-_Andy_Mabbett_-_38.JPG
- 4. A delta is: •Large amounts of sediments are deposited at the mouth of a river. • Erosion and deposition are the processes that create a delta. • deltas.usgs.gov - 826 × 662 - Search by image • Satellite Image of the Mekong and Mississippi River Deltas The U.S. Geological Survey is bringing its broad scientific understanding of the Mississippi
- 5. River delta Rivers andstreams can carry sediments long distances before they are deposited. When sediments are deposited at the mouth of a river a delta is formed. Sand, silt, clay and rocks are eroded from areas upstream. The river current sweeps up those materials and carries them until the speed of the water slows. When the force of the water movement becomes very slow, the heavier materials drop to the riverbed, then the other materials drop in order of their weight. This creates layers of sediment that build up and fan out, creating a delta. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lPjvrvxEHiI/ULxh5mnmoPI/AAAAAAAABug/1yYb7yoJTwU/s1600/NileDelta-EO.JPG
- 6. Sediments collect in layers •Layers of sediment collect and pile up over time due to deposition. • Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment. • Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura- suelo.jpg/220px-Estructura-suelo.jpg
- 7. Sediments collect in layers •Materials that have eroded from other areas are carried by wind and water until they settle and collect in sedimentation layers. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Soil_Profile_Showing_1912_ash_layer_and_ash_C%2C_Archeological_Compliance_Excavation_Near_Brooks_Camp_Visito r_Center_(13542983894).jpg/800px-Soil_Profile_Showing_1912_ash_layer_and_ash_C%2C_Archeological_Compliance_Excavation_Near_Brooks_Camp_Visitor_Center_(13542983894).jpg
- 8. Earth’s Mantle An elasticlayer of molten rock that has the force to move the tectonic plates USGS Geology in the Parksgeomaps.wr.usgs.gov This Photo by https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/volcanic-tectonics.png
- 9. The Lithosphere Made ofthe Crust and Upper Mantle The crust is where the action is. The entire rock cycle takes place in the crust, from magma pools deep below, to mountain peaks, high above the surface. Earthquakes, are often preceded by warning trembling, called foreshocks. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/volcanic- tectonics.png Image right: www.eoearth.org - 750 × 463 - Search by imageFigure 3: Three types of plate convergance resulting in subduction. (Image Source. US Gelogical Survey.)
- 10. Seven major tectonic plates Accordingto the Theory of Plate Tectonics, the Earth has seven major or primary plates: the North American, South American, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, Eurasian and Pacific. There are also several secondary plates including the Arabian, Caribbean, Indian and Philippine Sea plates, and tertiary plates which make up sub-sections of the major plates of the Earth. (Text courtesy of: https://www.reference.com/science/names-earth-s-major-plates- 455124acbae6128e) http://www.monografias.com/trabajos32/placas-tectonicas/Image3885.jpg
- 11. Plate Tectonics, platesthat fit together like puzzle pieces pieces. The seven Major plates are • Matching coastlines, fossil evidence, and rock formations are all evidence for the theory of Continental Drift • Which was first presented by Alfred Wegener • NASA: http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fmedia%2Fmed ialibrary%2F2002%2F01%2F25%2F28jan_extinction_resources%2Fpangea_strip.jpg&imgrefurl =https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fscience1.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at- nasa%2F2002%2F28jan_extinction%2F&h=180&w=475&tbnid=FfGsh6Kq8jfo6M%3A&zoom=1 &docid=i4GY8XswmaDw4M&ei=CqM5U4O0KKL50gH- xYDIDw&tbm=isch&ved=0CGEQhBwwBA&iact=rc&dur=4286&page=1&start=0&ndsp=6 • www.rpdp.net - 284 × 218 - Search by imageFigure 12. Distribution of several plant and animal fossils found in the continents that formed • Interactive Earth game: click below. • http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/pangaea/Pangaea_game.html
- 12. Subduction • When oneplate is pushed under the other as they collide is called subduction. https://i.stack.imgur.com/OGxxW.gif
- 13. What Happens Duringan Earthquake? While tectonic earthquakes can occur at any location around the world, the majority of large earthquakes—about 80 percent—occur at the circum-Pacific seismic belt found along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Two other regions regularly exhibiting earthquakes include the Alpide belt, extending along the southern margin of Eurasia through the Himalayan Mountains, Sumatra, and Java; and the Mid- Atlantic Ridge running along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. When an earthquake occurs, different types of energy waves are generated. "P waves" or "primary waves" are the first waves to be detected. These are compressional waves that push and pull as they move through rock and fluids. "S waves" or "secondary waves" are the next waves to be detected. These waves move only through rock. They move up and down or side to side, perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is moving. Surface waves follow P and S waves. They travel along the surface of the earth and thus cause the most damage. Surface waves can be characterized as Love waves, which are faster and move the ground from side to side, and Rayleigh waves, which roll like waves on the surface of oceans and lakes. https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/earthquakes/w hat-causes-earthquakes Credit: © Agata Nowicka/Marlena Agency for Caltech Science Exchange https://images.app.goo.gl/kY2cupeHhSrndmHS7
- 14. • Credit: ©Agata Nowicka/Marlena Agency for Caltech Science Exchange • What other types of earthquakes exist? • In addition to tectonic earthquakes, seismologists have classified three more earthquake types: • Volcanic: Earthquakes that occur in conjunction with volcanic activity • Collapse: Smaller-scale earthquakes that result from the subterranean collapse of caverns or mines • Explosion: Earthquakes caused by underground explosions of nuclear or chemical devices
- 15. NASA - WhyIsn't the Earth Perfect?www.nasa.gov - 330 × 204 - Search by imageThe plates float on top of the hot layer of the Earth's mantle. Credit: NASA Tectonic plate boundaries are: • Divergent • Convergent • Transform
- 16. Earthquakes • Made of4 forts and 2000 buildings, in the 17th century Port Royal was a hotbed for pirate activity. Famed pirates, the likes of Blackbeard would often make Port Royal their base to raid treasure ships. That was until 1692, when an earthquake dragged it under the Caribbean sea. https://in.musafir.com/Blog/6-submerged-cities-around-the-world.aspx
- 17. Dwarka - India Accordingto folklore, Dwarka is the home town of Lord Krishna, a placed believed to be an old wives tale, a myth, that is until the ruins were discovered 131 feet below the ocean. The ruins were found beneath the surface of modern-day Dwarka. The complexities and the beauty of this city, has baffled even experts. https://in.musafir.com/Blog/6-submerged-cities-around-the-world.aspx
- 18. Tsunami is aJapanese word for “harbor wave”. • Tsunami can be caused by landslides, underwater earthquakes, and water displacement under the ocean. • A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. • https://www.surfertoday.com/surfing/what-is-a-tsunami
- 19.
- 20. Harvesting trees Clear cuttingSelective cutting https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Bugaboo_Creek_Clearcut.jpg https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1328/899737427_8772227c28_z.jpg?zz=1
- 21. Deforestation causes loss of habitat •https://internationaljournalofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/images-2-12.jpeg?w=600 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Whitetail-Fawn-Deer_-_West_Virginia_-_ForestWander.jpg • https://internationaljournalofresearch.files.wordpress.com/2020/07/images-2- 12.jpeg?w=600
- 22. Energy sources From theground From wind and sun https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/sites/www.e- education.psu.edu.egee102/files/images/Lesson_04/fossil_fuels.png https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of-melbourne/image/fetch/s-- No1Oq3xD--/c_fill,f_jpg,q_70,w_435/https://res-3.cloudinary.com/the-university-of- melbourne/image/upload/s---0L9mgwv-- /c_fill%2Cf_auto%2Ch_630%2Cq_75%2Cw_1200/v1/pursuit- uploads/2b6/42e/e7c/2b642ee7c6700f63553d19daae31952eced08c282ad410f5f3b8 0ad1e8b9.jpg
- 23. Oil and coalare the two most dangerous fossil fuels to extract from the ground.
- 24. Oil is oneof two of the most dangerous fossil fuels. Oil spills and fires destroy lives of humans and wildlife. https://62e528761d0685343e1c- f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/129 8/width1356x668/oil_rig_fire_AAP.jpg https://live.staticflickr.com/4086/5181458317_9c3388d01d_b.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UXXtCpkeKiA/TA3pt1g93YI/AAAAAAAAOB8/pn77DK2U8gA/s1600/oil_spill_bird.jpg https://africanarguments.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mauritius-oil-1024x576.jpg
- 25. Extracting coal canlead to water pollution. It is also very dangerous to the health of miners. Coal is one of two of the most dangerous fossil fuels. https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/59846/width1356x668/xzxn5rt9-1411527726.jpg https://1lbxcx1bcuig1rfxaq3rd6w9-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/coal-ash-mayo-header_2280_888_75_s_c1_c_c-880x500.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pretoria _miners_memorial_tweaked.jpg/1200px- Pretoria_miners_memorial_tweaked.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/b/b8/Iron_hydroxi de_precipitate_in_stream.jpg
- 26. The two mostdangerous energy sources to mine Coal Petroleum https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Black_Diamon d%2C_WA_-_museum_-_simulated_mine_entrance.jpg/1280px- Black_Diamond%2C_WA_-_museum_-_simulated_mine_entrance.jpg https://62e528761d0685343e1c- f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/1298/width1356x668/oil_rig_fire_AAP.jpg
- 27. Dangerous energy sources NaturalGas Petroleum (Oil) https://www.truthinsideofyou.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/fracking-infographic.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Gulf_Oil_Rig.jpg/1280px- A_Gulf_Oil_Rig.jpg
- 28. Limitations of fuelsources Nuclear Both Uranium and Plutonium are natural resources and in limited supply. Eventually we will run out of both fuels. Both fuels leave dangerous radioactive waste that is difficult to store safely. Geothermal • Only available where volcanic activity exists below the ground surface https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/files/2015/03/Sc reen-Shot-2015-03-02-at-6.54.28-PM.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/t humb/6/6f/Wairakei_Geothermal_Power_Station- 5834.jpg/220px- Wairakei_Geothermal_Power_Station-5834.jpg https://journalistsresource.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/11/nuclear-power- plant-2485746_1280_pixabay.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/c/c3/PWR_nuclear_power_plant _diagram.svg
- 29. Safer energy sources • Windpower combined with solar power produces a steady source of power with no pollution. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/New_wind-lens_turbine_(2012_version).JPG SA https://www.eoi.es/blogs/imsd/files/2015/03/US-offshore-wind-projects.jpg https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/180000/velka/wind-power-plant.jpg
- 30. Safer energy sources:solar http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-efPJnHVKKFc/UNyYcaL4aDI/AAAAAAAASbk/r55oDR9VVdI/s1600/How+Solar+Panels+Work.jpg http://cronkitenews.asu.edu/assets/images/11/10/28-solarpanels-full.jpg
- 31. Water has threestages Water has a cycle. Water can be solid ice. Ice melts and the water becomes liquid. The liquid water can evaporate when heat is applied. Liquid water becomes a gas or vapor. Then, water vapor can condense into a liquid. The liquid water can freeze. The frozen water (ice) can melt, and the cycle continues. https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Oa7aWvekaik/TmWSwym16II/AAAAAAAAAtU/-kXuBSVfpdg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-09- 06+at+3.25.07+PM.png
- 32. Humans use a lotof water Agriculture accounts for the highest percentage of fresh water usage. https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6232/6283083426_bb7e7d9c95_b.jpg
- 33. Don’t waste freshwater supplies • Nonpoint source pollution is the most frequent cause of reduced availability of fresh water in the United States http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/2/0/7/9/20796234/1404005120.jpg https://buddhajeans.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Nonpoint-source-pollution-1600-1200.png
- 34. Community water purification management systems •A better water purification and management system could increase the freshwater supply. https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OcrBXYY9_6E/WLap0QRe2uI/AAAAAAAABgw/BfC4jPUXdngkpnW7lngtX8iRkC3IkjTowCLcB/s1600/water%2Bplant.gif https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg
- 35. The temperature ofa body of water affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. • The higher the temperature, the lower the dissolved oxygen. As temperature increases, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases. • Colder water has more dissolved oxygen in it. • Image: http://www.mrgscience.com/uploads/2/0/7/9/20796234/544 1371_orig.jpeg
- 36. This is theend. This is the end of part one of the review. Please be sure to view part two. Image: https://images.pexels.com/photos/3299902/pexels-photo- 3299902.jpeg?auto=compress&cs=tinysrgb&fit=crop&h=627&w=1200