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Review of literature
- 1. Review of literature AnjuGeorge , Associate Professor , SGCON 8/17/2020 1 Anju George , SGCON
- 2. Definition • ROL –broad , comprehensive, indepth, systematic and critical review of scholarly publication , unpublished printed or audio- visual materials and personal communications. – S.K .Sharma 8/17/2020 2 Anju George , SGCON
- 3. Importance of literaturereview Identify r/s problem Generate useful r/s question Orientation to what is known and unknown Determine any gaps or inconsistencies in the body of knowledge Provide evidence that the selected r/s problem is of importance Discover unanswered questions Determine the need to replicate a study Contnd… 8/17/2020 3 Anju George , SGCON
- 4. Contn …. Identifyrelevant conceptual framework Describe the strength and weaknesses of the r/s design/methods Develop hypotheses to be tested Develop the methodology and the instrument for the r/s Identify suitable data collection method Assists in interpreting the results 8/17/2020 4 Anju George , SGCON
- 5. Purposes Enhance ther/s ers knowledge Convey the reader previous knowledge and facts established on a topic, their strengths & weaknesses Describe the relationship of each study to other research studies under consideration Identify new ways to interpret the previous research Guide for further research Contnd… 8/17/2020 5 Anju George , SGCON
- 6. Contn….. See whathas and has not been investigated Identify potential relationships between concepts Learn how others have defined and measured key concepts Develop alternative research projects Place one’s original work in the context of the existing literature . 8/17/2020 6 Anju George , SGCON
- 7. Types • Traditional /narrative • Systemic • Meta analysis • Meta synthesis 8/17/2020 7 Anju George , SGCON
- 8. Sources • Primary sources R/sreports which are description of studies written by r/sers who conducted them. • Secondary sources Description of studies prepared by someone other than the original researcher. 8/17/2020 8 Anju George , SGCON
- 9. • Electronic sources ▫Search engines ▫ Database Bibliographic Full text database Databases are : CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, BNI, Medline Plus, NHS, Registry of Nursing Research, Cochrane database of systems review, ERIC, PsychINFO, Dissertation abstracts online, journals online. • Printed sources ▫ Journals, r/s reports, unpublished dissertations and theses, magazines and newspapers, conference papers, encyclopedias and dictionaries, books 8/17/2020 9 Anju George , SGCON
- 10. Criteria for selectingresources for review • Comprehensive, up-to-date • Systematic • Reproducible • Absence of bias 8/17/2020 10 Anju George , SGCON
- 11. Steps of ROL Formulate andrefine primary and secondary questions Formulate a search strategy Search bibliogr aphic databas es Screening & gathering references Document ation Coding the studies Literatur e review protocols Literatur e review matrices Research critique of individual studies Evaluatin g body of research Analyzing and synthesizing information Organizing the review Writing the literature review 8/17/2020 11 Anju George , SGCON
- 12. 1. Formulating primaryand secondary question 8/17/2020 12 Anju George , SGCON
- 13. 2. Formulating asearch strategy • Search through bibliographic data base • Ancestry approach (footnote chasing) – using citations from relevant studies to track down earlier research on which the studies are based (ancestors) • Descendancy approach – find a pivotal early study and to search forward in citation indexes to find more recent studies (descendants) that cited the key study • Grey literature – studies with limited distribution – such as conference papers or unpublished reports 8/17/2020 13 Anju George , SGCON
- 14. Contn… • Decision aboutdelimiting the search eg: reports written in their own language • Limit your search to studies within a time frame or to certain operational definition of key variables 8/17/2020 14 Anju George , SGCON
- 15. 3. Search bibliographicdatabase • Print based bibliographic resources – outdated • Resources that can be accessed by computer is of use Getting started with electronic search • Identify key words to launch a search • Key word is a word or a phrase that captures the key concepts in your question • For Quantitative studies – IDV, DV, popln – key words • Be flexible in creating key words 8/17/2020 15 Anju George , SGCON
- 16. • For mostof the bibliographic database searches, there are various types of search approaches • All the citations in the database are indexed so that they can be retrieved • The indexing systems have specific subject headings (subject codes) • You can undertake a subject search by entering a subject heading into the search field • If you are not familiar about the subject codes most of the databases use mapping feature 8/17/2020 16 Anju George , SGCON
- 17. • Mapping isa feature that allows you to search for the topic in your own key words rather than subject headings. • The software translates (maps) the key word you enter into the most plausible subject heading • Subject headings can be accessed through the database’s thesaurus or other reference tools • When you enter a keyword into the search field, it is likely that the program will institute both a subject search and text word search. 8/17/2020 17 Anju George , SGCON
- 18. • A textword search will search your specific keyword in the text fields of the records in the database ie, in the title or in the abstract • It is also possible to search for the author. An author search is productive if you are familiar with the names of leading r/sers in the profession • Ways to search a textword ▫ A wildcard character which is a symbol such as “$” or “*” can be used to search for multiple words that share the same root 8/17/2020 18 Anju George , SGCON
- 19. ▫ To dothis the wildcard character is inserted immediately after the truncated root. ▫ Eg: if we enter nurs* in the search field the computer will search for any word that begins with nurs… like nurses, nursing, nurses ▫ Another way to force a test word search is to use quotation marks around a phrase ▫ Eg: a search on lung cancer and “ lung cancer” might yield different results To do a thorough search – search with and without wild characters and with and without quotation marks 8/17/2020 19 Anju George , SGCON
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- 22. 4. Screening andgathering the references • Criteria for gathering references ▫ Screen for accessibility ▫ Relevance ▫ Methodologic quality • Store the obtained articles in a manner that it is easily retrieved • Either alphabetic filing or chronological filing 8/17/2020 22 Anju George , SGCON
- 23. 5. Documentation inliterature retrieval • You will be likely to lose track of your efforts if you donot document your actions • Maintain a notebook to record your search strategies and results • Write specific key words, subject headings, and authors used to do the search 8/17/2020 23 Anju George , SGCON
- 24. 6. Coding andencoding the studies • Code the literature according to the variables in the study. • Assigning numbers to the variables to make the search easier • Write down the key features of the studies under review • You can use formal system of recording information from each study • Use either literature protocol or matrix format 8/17/2020 24 Anju George , SGCON
- 25. 7. Literature reviewprotocols • Protocols are means of recording various aspects of a study systematically, including the full citation, theoretical foundations, methodologic features , findings and conclusion • No such format 8/17/2020 25 Anju George , SGCON
- 26. 8. Literature reviewmatrix • Methodologic matrix – which organizes information to answer how have the researcher studied this r/s • Results matrix – which addressess what r/ser have found • Evaluation matrix- designed to answer how much confidence do we have in evidence (say about strength and weaknesses) 8/17/2020 26 Anju George , SGCON
- 27. 9. Critiquing thestudies • Critique for a literature review tend to focus on methodologic aspects. 8/17/2020 27 Anju George , SGCON
- 28. 10. Evaluating thebody of research 8/17/2020 28 Anju George , SGCON
- 29. 11. Analyzing andsynthesizing information • Identify important themes • Different types of themes identified are: ▫ Substantive themes – analyzing the evidence ( what is the pattern, how much evidence is there, how consistent is, how powerful, and what gaps exist in the evidence ) ▫ Methodologic themes – what methods and dsigns are used? What not have been used?what are the strengths and waeknessess, 8/17/2020 29 Anju George , SGCON
- 30. ▫ Generalizability/ transferabilitythemes – to what type of people does the finding apply?, do they vary for different kind of people or setting ? ▫ Historical themes – is the evidence getting better? Is the trends in each areas implemented ▫ Researcher themes – details of the researcher 8/17/2020 30 Anju George , SGCON
- 31. 12. Organizing thereview • Organize the review in the form of a table with needed headings 8/17/2020 31 Anju George , SGCON
- 32. 13.Writing a literaturereview • Summarize in your own words • Donot string together the quotes from previus research studies • Be objective • Include studies that contradict personal values, and other studies • Conclude with a concise summary of current evidence on the topic • Summary should recap key findings, indicate how credible they are and make a note on the gaps in evidence 8/17/2020 32 Anju George , SGCON
- 33. • 3 parts ▫Introduction ▫ Body ▫ Conclusion 8/17/2020 33 Anju George , SGCON
- 34. Guidelines for writingliterature review Be specific Be selective Focus on current topics Ensure evidence for claims Focus on sources for evidence Account of contrary evidences Reference citation Contd…. 8/17/2020 34 Anju George , SGCON
- 35. Contn… Organization ofliterature review Referring original source Write in own language Simple and accurate sentence structure Group the ideas Effective use of transition words Avoid abbrevations 8/17/2020 35 Anju George , SGCON
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