Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

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  RIBUNUCLEIC ACID (RNA) PREPAREDBY MUHAMMAD FAHAD
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  Presentation Contents  Introductionto RNA  History of RNA  Synthesis of RNA  Structure of RNA  Types of RNA  Functions  Reference
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  Introduction to RNA RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid.  RNA is a type of Nucleic Acid.  Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the major biological macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life (along with DNA and proteins).
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  History of RNA Friedrich Miescher in 1869 discovered substance nuclein from the nuclei of pus cells which was later termed nucleic acid because of having phosphate group and was of acidic nature.  Nucleic acids are present in all living organisms (plants, animal, bacteria and even Virus and viriods) and therefore origin of life is suspected with the formation of nucleic acids. All living cells contain both DNA and RNA, while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, usually not both.
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  Synthesis  Synthesis ofRNA is usually catalyzed by an enzyme— RNA polymerase  By using DNA as a template  The process is known as transcription  There are also a number of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases that use RNA as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA  A number of RNA viruses (such as poliovirus) use this type of enzyme to replicate their genetic material
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  Structure of RNA The units of RNA molecule is Nucleotides  Each nucleotide in RNA contains 3 parts  a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1‘ through 5'.  A base is attached to the 1‘ position, in general, adenine (A), cytosine (C),guanine(G), and uracil (U).  And a phosphate group
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  Types of RNA Thereare 3 types of RNA. 1. Messenger RNA- mRNA 2. Transfer RNA- tRNA 3. Ribosomal RNA- rRNA
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  mRNA  Messenger RNA(mRNA) carries information about a protein sequence to the ribosomes, the protein synthesis factories in the cell  It is coded so that every three nucleotides (a codon) correspond to one amino acid  In eukaryotic cells, once precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) has been transcribed from DNA, it is processed to mature mRNA  This removes its introns—non-coding sections of the pre-mRNA  The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is bound to ribosomes and translated into its corresponding protein form with the help of tRNA
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  tRNA  Transfer RNA(tRNA) is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides  It transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation  It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding
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  rRNA  Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes  Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA  Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere.  In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome  The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis  Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.  Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.
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  Functions of RNA mRNA Itcarries genetic formation of DNA ( Gene ) for protein synthesis from nucleus to ribosome in the form of genetic code tRNA Acts as adapter molecule ,carries Amino Acid and drops it to particular location by recognizing codon on mRNA by virtue of having anticodon rRNA It makes complex with proteins and form ribosomal subunits which provide space for protein synthesis ,single ribosomal RNA of smaller subunit helps correct orientation of mRNA during attachment with respect to P and A sites
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  References  https://www.slideshare.net/purakichha/ribonucleic-acid  https://www.slideshare.net/adnandinmohammed/01adnan https://www.slideshare.net/namarta28/rna  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA
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  The End
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  Thank You