Robot Technology
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The document focuses on computer-aided manufacturing and the role of robotics in automation, highlighting the benefits of automation and the evolution of robot technology. It discusses the characteristics, applications, advantages, and drawbacks of robots, as well as their components and the historical development from simple to intelligent robots. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of adapting products to suit robotic capabilities for efficiency.
Robot Technology
- 1. SUBJECT : COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING (2171903) Chapter No.6 Robot Technology 10/28/2020 1
- 2. OBJECTIVE First of all we should understand about Automation Robot
- 3. Automation There are several examples of automation one comes across daily, simple examples Sewing machines, Packaging machines.
- 4. Sewing Machines Such machines are generally equipped to perform in a specific way or to execute specific tasks. A sewing machine is designed to produce specific stitch lengths
- 5. Packaging Machines. A packaging machine is designed to wrap a specific size of the product. When product sizes change some parts of the machine are to be manually changed to accommodate the new size. Such machines are essentially designed to package millions of products of a specific size and are hence special purpose machines. The cost of such a machine is distributed over large sales volumes. ....VIDEO(1) TEA PACKAGING MACHINE MANUFACTURERS - YouTube.mp4 ....VIDEOBiscuit packaging machine in Flowpack.mp4
- 6. Necessity of Automation More recently there is a demand for variety. A good example is shirts of a size suiting a given individual. Likewise there is a demand for soaps of various sizes and shapes. This requires machines that can handle various shapes and sizes and every time such a requirement arises one has to stop the machine and readjust or reset some of the links or components to handle the new product. This is a task that is not only time consuming but also requires skill.
- 7. Necessity of Automation Human beings, unlike machines can not only handle tools and products of different sizes and shapes but are also capable of executing a variety of tasks. Engineers have often sought similar capabilities in machines and this has been possible now with the availability of inexpensive microprocessors.
- 8. Necessity of Automation Used in conjunction with special servo- motors, actuators and sensors, the microprocessor has revolutionized automation. It is now possible to build automation devices that can be operated under the guidance of a program.
- 9. Robots An important part of the automation scene is the area of “Robotics” a multidisciplinary field that involves mechanical, electronics and several other engineering disciplines.
- 10. Robots Though the ultimate aim is to attempt emulate human activities, something which is extremely difficult to attain, these attempts have resulted in development of robots. These are beneficial in handling hazardous tasks and for operating in hazardous areas like chemical or nuclear plants.
- 11. Robots Example-1 Plates being x-rayed for inspection of internal cracks and flaws, a routine but hazardous operation. ....VIDEORobotic X-Ray.mp4
- 12. Robots Example-2 Where complex movements are involved as in welding along a 3D profile, robots can be used for assuring quality and consistency. ....VIDEOABB Robotics - Arc Welding.mp4
- 13. Robots Example-3 In assembly operation of precision and tiny parts, like in watches, robots perform with accuracy and repeatability. The SCARA robot developed in Japan is one such robot specifically suitable for precision assembly tasks. ....VIDEOFast Robotic Assembly of CPU and Memory Modules on a Circuit.mp4
- 14. Robots Example-3 Painting is hazardous to humans and also complex movements are involved (for example in painting a car body) and in such applications robots may replace human beings.
- 15. Robots Robots have certain inherent capabilities and limitations, just as any other machine or human being does, and these should be borne in mind when attempting to use them in a given application.
- 16. Robots A lathe is best used for generating cylindrical objects and milling machines are ideal for producing prismatic parts. One would not attempt to use a lathe for manufacture of prismatic parts or a milling machine to produce cylinders. Thus manufacturing processes are chosen to suit the product and conversely, products should be designed to suit the manufacturing process.
- 17. Robots This philosophy applies to robotics also. One cannot expect a given robot to execute any arbitrary task or handle any product. Some times it may be beneficial to redesign the product to enable robots to handle them with ease. A well known example of designing a product to suit robots is the SONY “Walkman” which has been designed for ease of assembly by robots.
- 18. Robots Today robot finds applications in industries, medical and other fields. For example, in eye surgery (replacement of retina), where a cylindrical portion needs to be replaced, the operation is best done by robots. Mobile robots
- 19. Robots like walking machines, hopping machines are examples of robots, and so also are robotic aircraft and ships. Nuclear and power plants uses fish like robots which move inside pipes for purpose of inspection
- 20. Robot Definition “Robot is a Reprogrammable, Multi- functional Manipulator designed to move Materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for performing a variety of task”
- 21. History of Robots 1954 - Devol & Engleburger – establish Unimation Incorporation. 1961 - Robots are used in die casting application. 1968 - AGVs (automated guided vehicles) implemented. 1970 - Stanford arm developed. 1979 - SCARA robot for assembly developed in Japan .
- 22. Generation of Robot 1) Dumb Robots 2) Clever Robots 3) Intelligent Robots
- 23. First Generation Dumb Robots Combination of teach pendant procedure and command statement They define point location by teach pendant and sequence of the motion by command statement Ex. VAL(Veriable Assembly Language)
- 24. First generation Dumb Robots Limitation 1) Inability to perform complex arithmetic calculation during program execution. 2) Inability to make complex sensor.
- 25. Second Generation Clever Robots The second generation language can accomplish complex motion and complex arithmetic calculation. The second generation language make the robot more intelligent
- 26. Second Generation Clever Robots Such a robot is equipped with sensors that tell it things about the outside world. These devices include pressure sensors, proximity sensors, tactile sensors, radar, sonar, ladar, and vision systems. A controller processes the data from these sensors and adjusts the operation of the robot accordingly. ....VIDEOThe Cubli a cube that can jump up, balance, and 'walk'.mp4
- 27. Third Generation Intelligent Robots Without use of teach pendant 3D geometric model work without any teach pendant The programming can be off-line without interrupting the work of the robot.
- 28. Third Generation Intelligent Robots The concept of a third-generation robot encompasses two major avenues of evolving smart robot technology: the autonomous robot and the insect robot. An autonomous robot can work on its own. It contains a controller, and it can do things largely without supervision, either by an outside computer or by a human being. ....VIDEOAmputee Makes History with APL’s Modular Prosthetic Limb.mp4
- 29. Advantages 1) Robot can work Hazardous environment 2) Robot need no environment comfort like Lighting, Air conditioning, Ventilation and noise protection 3) Robot can work continuously without fatigue 4) Robot can process multiple task simultaneously 5) Robots have capabilities beyond that of human
- 30. Disadvantage 1) Robots are costly due to high initial investment, installation cost, training cost and programming cost 2) Robots have imitated capabilities like degree of freedom, sensors, vision system, real time response 3) Lack capacity to response unpredictable emergency 4) Robots replace human workers creating economic problem.
- 31. Robot Components
- 33. Components 1) End effectors 2) Manipulators 3) Actuators 4) Controllers 5) Sensors 6) Processor 7) Software
- 35. End Effectors The end effectors are controlled by robot controller or PLC The last joint of manipulator is End effectors Mainly 2 types 1) Tool 2) Grippers
- 36. End Effectors ....VIDEOLet's Talk About End Effectors.mp4
- 37. Manipulator The manipulator is capable of movement in various direction Like linear or rotary motion Manipulator is the combination of mechanical linkages, connected by joints an open loop kinematic chain
- 39. Actuators The Actuators are the drives used to actuate the joints of the manipulator Produce the relative rotary or linear motion between the two links of joints Servomotors, stepper motors, Pneumatic cylinder, hydraulic cylinder are actuators
- 40. Actuators ....VIDEOLinear Actuators - What are They and How Can they Help You.mp4
- 41. Sensors The sensors are used to collect the information about the status of the manipulator and the end effectors. The sensors are mainly two types 1) Contact type 2) Non contact type
- 42. Sensors ....VIDEOTypes of Sensors│ Different types of sensors│ Classification.mp4
- 43. Controller The controller receive the instruction from the processor of computer and controls the motion of the actuators It takes the feedback from the sensors
- 44. Processor Processor are calculate the motion of the joints so as to achieve the desired action of the robot It send the signals to the controller and receives the feedback from the controllers
- 45. Software Two types of software are used 1) Operation system 2) Robotic software