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- 1. Romanesque
- 2. Introduction • This style appeared during the Middle Ages • It is the first style that can be found all over Europe, • The expansion of the style was linked to the pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago di Compastela.
- 3. Introduction • Romanesque art developed because of… – The end of Barbarian invasions – The decomposition of Cordoba’s government – The establishment of peace in the Christian world, with the development of the cities, commerce and industry.
- 4. Expansion • The factors of the expansion of Romanesque art were: – Development of a feudal system, that demanded works (castles) – The expansion of religious orders (Benedictines), developed the monasteries – The pilgrimage routes – The crusades
- 9. Typologies • There are three main types of buildings: Monasteries Castles Churches
- 10. Monastery • It was designed as the “City of God” • They had several functional areas: – Church – Cloister – Chapter room – Abbot’s house – Monks/ nuns rooms – Refectory – Hospital
- 11. Church • It was the main building • It symbolized God’s kingdom • The holiest part was the apse • It had cross shape • Symbolism was important: – Circular parts reflect perfection so they were linked to God – Squared parts are related to the human.
- 12. Church • Characteristics: – Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in the Pilgrimage churches – Small in country churches – They were designed for advertising Catholic church – They were lasting, made of stone – Plans could be: • Latin cross • Polygonal • Basilical Latin cross Polygonal Basilical
- 13. Church • Parts of the plan
- 14. Church • Parts from the outside
- 15. Church • Elevation: • The church is covered by stoned vaults • Wall are thick • They need strong buttresses • Foundations are strong • Few windows
- 16. Church Clerestory • Interior elevation: it consists of three levels: • First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars Tribune • Second floor with the tribune (corridor over looking the nave, over the aisles) • Clerestory: area of Pillar windows opening to the Column outside.
- 17. Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral
- 18. Church • Type of covers: Barrel vault: it was used mainly to cover the central nave Groin vault was common in aisles and ambulatory Dome: spherical were used in apses. The central could stand on pendentives or squinches
- 19. Romanesque in France • It was the original region of Romanesque art • It appeared in Cluny’s abbey • From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage routes, specially to Santiago in Spain.
- 20. Romanesque in France • Burgundy: barrel- Cluny vaulted, three-aisled basilica • Normandy: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by flying buttresses and façades with two flanking towers. Sainte Magdalene, Vezelay
- 21. Romanesque in France • It is characterized by various vaulted styles • Provence: pointed domes Saint and façades decorated Trophime , Arles with arches • Auvergne with long choir, side aisles around the semicircular sanctuary forming the ambulatory in which radiating chapels Saint Sernin open Toulouse
- 23. ST. DENIS PARIS
- 26. St. Filibert, France, 10c
- 27. Romanesque in Italy • Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles – Lombardy with groined vaults of heavy proportions Saint Ambroggio, Milan – Central Italy classical decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and façades with sculptures Saint Miniato, Florence
- 28. Romanesque in Italy – South with Byzantine and Arabic influence using mosaics, interlaced pointed- Cefalu, Sicily arches.
- 29. Romanesque in Italy – South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointed- Cefalu, Sicily arches. • Three separate buildings: church, baptistery and bell tower. Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents three separate buildings.
- 31. Romanesque in Germany • Churches were planned on a large scale • They used to be very high • They had an apse or sanctuary at each end. • Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred them a picturesque silhouette. Worms
- 32. Church of St. Sebaldus, Nürnberg
- 36. Romanesque in England • Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy walls and piers, rectangular apses, double transepts and deeply recessed portals • Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by vaults, and side aisles were covered with groined vaults.
- 37. Romanesque in England • Before the 10th century were made of wood • Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed • The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in 11th century
- 38. DURHAM CATHEDRAL
- 47. WESTMINSTER ABBEY
- 49. Romanesque in Spain • First Romanesque: Catalonia • In the 11th century the region was almost assimilated to France • Due to this they receive the art early • The rest of the Spain would receive it with the pilgrimage
- 50. Romanesque in Spain • Catalan churches present, in the outside, ordered volumes • Wall are decorated with Lombard bands, and blind arches and galleries • The plan has three naves, with a small narthex • The head has triple apse
- 52. Romanesque in Spain • There are polygonal buildings too • They are related to the Temple • They are inspired in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre • Examples are Eunate, Torres del Rio (both in Navarre) and Veracruz (Segovia).
- 53. Romanesque in Spain • Castile and Leon: • It is deeply influenced by the pilgrimage routes • The churches are identified with the spirit of the Reconquist
- 54. Romanesque in Spain • Buildings are simple and small • It created a contrast in relation to the refined Hispano Muslin architecture. • They frequently have a covered area in the outside for the meetings of the councils.
- 55. Romanesque in Spain • The best examples are: – Santiago’s cathedral – Fromista – Sant Climent de Tahull – San Pere de Roda – San Juan de la Peña • There are other buildings such as castles (Loarre, in Huesca) or bridges, essential for pilgrims (Puentelarreina, Navarre)
- 56. castles
- 57. Castle • Castles were defensive constructions • They were fortified for providing shelter • The wall was one of the essential elements • They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
- 58. MOTT AND BAILEY
- 59. STARTED BY THE NORMANS
- 60. STONE CASTLE
- 62. WARWICK
- 63. AVILA
- 64. CARCASSONNE
- 65. Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel: A Fortress & A Church
- 66. DURHAM CASTLE
- 67. DURHAM CASTLE
- 68. LUMLEY CASTLE
- 69. THE WHITE TOWER LONDON
- 70. CHAPEL OF ST. JOHN