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Routes of drug administration
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical routes. The enteral route includes oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intramedullary, intrathecal, intra-articular, intracardiac, and intra-arterial administration. Inhalation allows for pulmonary absorption of gaseous drugs. Topical routes provide local drug delivery to the skin or mucous membranes.
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Overview of nursing pharmacology with a focus on drug administration routes presented by P. Thirunagalinga Pandiyan.
Categorized routes include Enteral, Parenteral, Inhalation, and Topical/Local administration.
Oral route described as safe, convenient, and economical, but requires no skilled personnel.
Sublingual method entails rapid absorption via the oral mucosa, crucial for specific drugs like Nitroglycerin.
Rectal administration used for systemic effects when oral routes are not viable; includes suppositories and enemas.
Parenteral routes bypass digestive enzymes, with direct drug access to body fluids, offering advantages over oral methods.
Subcutaneous route involves slow, uniform drug absorption for prolonged presence, useful for drugs like insulin.
Intramuscular injections are administered deep into muscle tissue; deltoid or gluteal muscles are preferred sites.
Intravenous injection delivers drugs directly into veins, ensuring rapid circulation to heart and tissues.
Intraperitoneal method utilizes the peritoneum's absorption capabilities, primarily affecting first-pass metabolism.
Intradermal injections target the skin's papillary layer for tests and vaccinations like BCG.
Intra medullary injections are performed in marrow cavities when veins are inaccessible, particularly in children.
Intrathecal injection is utilized for spinal anesthesia via direct delivery to the spinal canal.
Intra-articular injections target joint cavities for localized effects, such as treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Intra-cardial injections are utilized for resuscitation in cardiac arrest cases, typically administering adrenaline.
Intra-arterial injections deliver drugs directly into arteries to concentrate effects in specific tissues.
Inhalation of gaseous and volatile drugs enables rapid absorption via pulmonary systems.
Topical applications are localized; drugs applied to skin and mucous membranes are poorly absorbed.
Local application includes various forms such as bougies, pessaries, suppositories, and enemas for effective delivery.
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Routes of drug administration
- 1. SUB :FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING UNIT : VIII PHARMACOLOGY TOPIC : ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION PRESENTED BY P.THIRUNAGALINGA PANDIYAN M.Sc.,(N) D.Pharm.,
- 2. 1 Enteral 2 Parenteral 3 Inhalation 4 Topical or Local
- 3. 1. ENTERAL Oral Oral route is the most common route of administration. It is safe, convenient, and cheap and does not require the services of skilled personnel.
- 4. Sublingual Thetablet is placed under the tongue and absorption form oral mucosa is rapid and uniform. This route has special importance for certain drugs. Eg : Nitroglycerin
- 5. Rectal Administration The drug may be given rectally for systemic effect when the patient is either unconscious or vomiting. The drugs administered rectally are in the form of suppositories and enema
- 6. PARENTERAL (Par-beyondenteral-intestine) The term parenteral administration implies the routes through which the drug directly reaches the body fluids. The Parenteral administration has certain advantages over oral route. Drug is neither invaded nor destroyed by digestive enzymes.
- 7. Subcutaneous:- Thedrug is dissolved in a small volume of vehicle and injected beneath the skin from where the absorption is slow and uniform. This method is particularly useful when continuous presence of the drug in the tissues is needed over a long period. e.g. insulin.
- 8. Intramuscular Injectionis made deep into the muscle tissue. In humans, the best site is deltoid muscle in the shoulder or the gluteus muscle in the buttocks.
- 9. Intravenous:- Drugsolution in injected directly into the lumen of a vein so that it is diluted in the venous blood. The drug is carried to the Heart and circulated to the tissues.
- 10. Intraperitoneal Theperitoneum offers a large absorbing surface area from which drugs enter circulation rapidly but primarily by way of portal vein. Hence First-Pass effect not avoided
- 11. Intradermal Drugare injected into papillary layer of skin. For example tuberculin injection for montoux test and BCG vaccination
- 12. Intra Medullary The drug is introduced into marrow cavity This route is used when veins are not available specially in children. In adults the injection is made into marrow cavity of sternum and under 3 years of age into that of tibia or femur.
- 13. Intrathecal Introductionof injection into spinal is called as intrathecal The injection of local anaesthetics for the induction of spinal anaesthesia is given by this route.
- 14. Intra articular It is also known as intra synovial. Sometimes drugs are injected into the joint cavity to localize their action at the site of administration e.g. Hydrocortisone acetate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
- 15. Intra Cardiac In cardiac arrest intra cardiac injection of adrenaline is made for resuscitation.
- 16. Intra-arterial Sometimesa drug is injected directly into an artery to localize its effects in a particular tissue or organ.
- 17. Inhalation Inhalationor Pulmonary Absorption: Gaseous and volatile drugs may be inhaled. They are then absorbed by pulmonary endothelium and mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and reach circulation rapidly.
- 18. Local orTopical Application Skin : Drugs applied locally on the skin are poorly absorbed through the epidermis. Inunctions – It is rubbing the drug on the skin Mucous Membranes: Drugs are applied onto the various mucous membranes for their local action.
- 19. Preparation forlocal application Bougie for urethra Pessary for vagina Suppository for vagina and rectum Enema for rectum