Run-Ons.ppt
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- 2. What is aRun-on? A run-on sentence consists of two or more complete sentences written as if they were one sentence. A run-on occurs when two sentences are run together with no adequate sign given to mark the break between them. In some run-ons the two sentences are separated by only a comma. In other run-ons, the sentences are not separated at all.
- 3. 1. Aman coughed in the movie theatre the result was a chain reaction of copycat coughing. Run-On A man coughed in the movie theatre. The result was a chain reaction of copycat coughing. Correct The run-on has been corrected by using a ……..and a capital letter to separate the two complete thoughts. 2. I heard laughter inside the house, no one answered the bell. Run-on I heard laughter inside the house, but no one answered the bell. Correct
- 4. The run-onhas been corrected by using a joining word, …….., to connect the two complete thoughts. 3. A car sped around the corner, it sprayed slush all over the pedestrians. Run-On A car sped around the corner; it sprayed slush all over the pedestrians. Correct The run-on has been corrected by using a ……..to connect the two closely related thoughts.
- 5. 4. Ihad a campus map, I still could not find my classroom building. Run-on Although I had a campus map, I still could not find my classroom building. Correct The run-on has been corrected by using the subordinating word ……..to connect the two closely related thoughts.
- 6. A run-onis two complete thoughts that are run together with no adequate sign given to mark the break between them. As a result of the run-on, the reader is confused, unsure of where one thought ends and the next one begins. Two types of run-ons are fused sentences and comma splices. Some run-ons have no punctuation at all to mark the break between the thoughts. Such run-ons are known as fused sentences: they are fused or joined together as if they were only one thought.
- 7. Fused Sentence Rochelle decided to stop smoking she didn’t want to die of lung cancer. Fused Sentence The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well. In other run-ons, known as comma splices, a comma is used to connect or “splice” together the two complete thoughts. However, a comma alone is not enough to connect two complete thoughts. Some connection stronger than a comma alone is needed.
- 8. Coma Splice Ritadecided to stop smoking, she didn’t want to die of lung cancer. The exam was postponed, the class was canceled as well. Comma splices are the most common kind of rum-on. Students sense that some kind of connection is needed between thoughts, and so they put a comma at the dividing point. But the comma alone is not sufficient. A stronger, clearer mark is needed between the two thoughts.
- 9. Words that canlead to Run-Ons People often write run-ons when the second complete thought begins with one of the following words: I we there Now you they this then he, she, it that next
- 10. Correcting Run-ons Hereare four common methods of correcting a run-on: 1. Use a period and a capital letter to separate the two complete thoughts. (In other words, make two separate sentences of the two complete thoughts.) Rita decided to stop smoking. She didn’t want to die of lung cancer. The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well.
- 11. 2. Usea comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet) to connect the two complete thoughts. Rita decided to stop smoking, for she didn’t want to die of lung cancer. The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well. 3. Use a semicolon to connect the two complete thoughts. Rita decided to stop smoking; she didn’t want to die of lung cancer. The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well.
- 12. 4. Usesubordination. Because Rita didn’t want to die of lung cancer, she decided to stop smoking. When the exam was postponed, the class was canceled as well.
- 13. Method 1: Periodand a Capital Letter One way of correcting a run-on is to use a period and a capital letter at the break between the two complete thoughts. We use this method especially if the thoughts are not closely related or if another method would make the sentence too long. Reading each sentence aloud will help us “hear” where a major break or split in the thought occurs. At such point, our voice will probably drop and pause.
- 14. Correct therun-on by putting a period at the end of the first thought and a capital letter at the start of the second thought. Craig was not a success at his job.his mouth moved than his hands. Craig was not a success at his job. His mouth moved than his hands.
- 15. Method 2: Commaand a joining word Another way of correcting a run-on is to use a comma plus a joining word to connect the two complete thoughts. Joining words (also called coordinating conjunctions) include and, but, for, or, nor, so and yet. Here is what the four most common joining words mean: And in addition, along with Lola was watching Monday night football, and she was doing her homework as well.
- 16. (and meansin addition: Lola was watching Monday night football; in addition, she was doing her homework.) But however, except, on the other hand, just the opposite I voted for the president two years ago, but I would not vote for him today. (But means however: I voted for the president two years ago; however, I would not vote for him today.)
- 17. For because,the reason why, the cause for something Saturday is the worst day to shop, for people jam the stores. (For means because: Saturday is the worst day to shop because people jam the stores. ) If you are not comfortable using for, you may want to use because instead of for in the activities that follow. If you do use because, omit the comma before it.
- 18. So asa result, therefore Our son misbehaved again, so he was sent upstairs without dessert. (So means as a result: Our son misbehaved again: as a result, he was sent upstairs without dessert.)
- 19. Method 3: Semicolon A third method of correcting a run-on is to use a semicolon to mark the break between two thoughts. A semicolon(;) is made up of a period above a comma and is sometimes called a strong comma. The semicolon signals more of a pause than a comma alone but not quite the full pause of a period.
- 20. Semicolon alone Hereare some earlier sentences that were connected with a comma plus a joining word. Now they are connected with a semicolon. Notice that a semicolon, unlike a comma, can be used alone to connect the two complete thoughts in each sentence. Lola was watching Monday night football; she was doing her homework as well. I voted for the president two years ago. I would not vote for him today. Saturday is the worst day to shop; people jam the stores.
- 21. Semicolon with aTransition A semicolon is sometimes used with a transitional word and a comma to join two complete thoughts: I figured that the ball game would cost me about ten dollars; however, I didn’t consider the high price of food and drinks. Fred and Martha have a low-interest mortgage on their house; otherwise, they would move to another neighborhood.
- 22. Sharon didn’tunderstand the instructor’s point; therefore, she asked him to repeat it. Adverbial Conjunctions/ Conjunctive Adverbs A conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal weight in a sentence. Conjunctive adverbs are usually stronger than coordination conjunctions because they more precisely explain the relationship between the two cluases.
- 23. Coordinating conjunction: Theoffice was cold, the noise was intolerable, and he resigned. Conjunctive Adverb: A conjunctive Adverb is an adverb that functions similarly to a coordinating conjunction. Conjunctive adverbs usually connect independent clauses, which can stand by themselves as complete sentences.
- 24. Conjunctive adverb:I had the engine repaired; also I bought new tires. Coordinating Conjunctions: I had the engine repaired, and I bought some new tires. Conjunctive Adverb: The office was cold, and the noise was intolerable; consequently, he resigned. The use of conjunctive adverbs are illustrated by the following example: To replace and : also, besides, furthermore, moreover.
- 25. To replaceBut : however, nevertheless, still To state a result : consequently, therefore, still To state equality : equally, likewise, similarly. Here is a list of common transitional words (also known as Adverbial Conjunctions) However moreover therefore On the other hand in addition As a result also consequently Instead furthermore otherwise
- 26. We puta semicolon before the transition and a comma after it. It was raining harder than ever; however, Bobby was determined to go the amusement park. Our tap water has a funny taste; consequently, we buy bottled water to drink.
- 27. Method 4:Subordination Subordinationis a way of showing that one thought in a sentence is not as important as another thought. Here are sentences in which one idea is subordinated to (made less emphatic than) the other idea: Because Rima didn’t want to die of lung cancer, she decided to stop smoking. The wedding reception began to get out of hand when the guests started to throw food at each other.
- 28. Although mybrothers wanted to watch a Star Trek rerun, the rest of the family insisted on turning to the network news. Dependent Words When we subordinate, we use dependent words like because, when, and although. Common dependent words After before unless Although even though until As if when Because since while
- 29. Until Iwas six, I thought chocolate milk came from brown cows. Auto races no longer use gasoline; spectators have nothing to fear from exhaust fumes. Since auto racers no longer use gasoline, spectators have nothing to fear from exhaust fumes.