Sankhya philosophy

Sankhya philosophy

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  SANKHYA PHILOSOPHY Dr. Jugnu KhatterBhatia Principal Satyug Darshan Institute of Education and Research
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  INTRODUCTION The word “Sāṅkhya”is derived from the Sanskrit noun sankhyā (number) based on the verbal root khyā (make known, name) with the proverb sam(together). “Sāṅkhya” thus denotes the system of enumeration or taking account. • SAM – number, balanced, equal, harmonious • KHYA- knowledge, understanding, wisdom
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  HISTORY AND DEVELOPEMENT ▪Itwas propounded by Maharshi Kapila ▪It is also known as Kapila Tantra or Kapila Darshana ▪The book Sankhya Kaarika written by Ishvara Krishna, is presently the most popular primer for the study of Sankhya. ▪Samkhya means the knowledge or number. ▪Samkhya is one of the earliest philosophical school of thought in India. ▪The Samkhyapravacana Sutra and the Tattvasamasa were actually composed by him.
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  HISTORY AND DEVELOPEMENT •According to a modern scholar Surendranath Dasgupta, the doctrine of the earliest school of samkhya is found in an ancient Indian medical treatise, Charaka Samhita. ▪Another early extant text of this school is Samkhya Karika of Isvarakrsna. (3rd century)
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  EPISTOMOLOGY According to the Samkhyaschool, all knowledge is possible through three Pramanas (means of valid knowledge). • Direct sense perception.Pratyaksha • Logical InferenceAnumana • Verbal testimonySabda
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  METAPHYSICS Samkhya system classifiedall objects into one of the two categories: 1. PURUSHA 2. PRAKRITI Samkhya maintains an intermingled duality between the two.  All physical events are considered to be manifestations of the evolution of Prakriti, or primal nature (from which all physical bodies are derived).
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  METAPHYSICS  Samkhya providesan alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism , by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.  The end of this bondage is moksha.
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  PURUSHA  Puruhsa isthe transcendental self and pure consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible and unknowable, above any experience and beyond the words and explanation.  It remains pure, “nonattributive consciousness”.  Puruṣa is neither produced nor does it produce. It is held that unlike Advaita Vedanta and like Purva- Mimamsa, Samkhya believes in plurality of the Puruṣas.
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  PRAKRITI  Prakriti isthe first cause of the manifest material universe — of everything except the Puruṣa.  Prakriti accounts for whatever is physical, both mind and matter-cum-energy or force. Since it is the first principle (tattva) of the universe, it is called the Pradhāna, but, as it is the unconscious and unintelligent principle, it is also called the Guna.
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  PRAKRITI  It iscomposed of three essential characteristics (trigunas). These are: 1. Sattva- poise, fineness, lightness, illumination, and joy; 2. Rajas- dynamism, activity, excitation, and pain; 3. Tamas - – inertia, coarseness, heaviness, obstruction, and sloth.
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  MAIN FEATURES OFSAMKHYA PHILOSOPHY There are three types of pain and suffering. Real freedom is attaining freedom from these. These are: PAIN & SUFFERINGS PHYSICAL PSYCHOLOGIC AL / EMOTIONAL SPRITUAL
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  PHYSICAL • Five thingshelp to prevent and overcome physical pain and suffering: proper diet, proper exercise, balanced conduct / behavior, going to bed on time, and waking up on time. • If some illness has already occurred, seek help from doctors and medicines, along with lifestyle changes. • Ayurveda is an important tool here
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  PSYCHOLOGICAL/EMOTIONAL • This typeof suffering needs help from both outside and inside—body and mind. • From inside, changing your attitude toward yourself—trusting and believing in yourself—creates psychological support. This, combined with external measures to alleviate physical suffering, helps to overcome sorrow and grief. • The first four limbs of Yoga address mental /emotional suffering.
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  SPIRITUAL • To overcomespiritual pain and suffering, dive deep into yourself and know your pure being. Work toward removing all non-essentials—all that which is not the Self. • The way to do this is covered by the last four limbs of Yoga—the meditative aspects—which are the purest form of Yoga and are all internal. These are pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi.
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  Samkhya as thePhilosophy of Education Aims of Education ➢Samkhya states the ultimate aim as attaining the perfection of Purusha through discrimination, leading to its salvation. Curriculum ➢Physical science and yoga will also form part of the curriculum since samkhya believes only a healthy and focussed individual can attain salvation.
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  Samkhya as thePhilosophy of Education ➢The curriculum will involve the study of all disciplines, with stress on the natural sciences, senses to understand prakriti is to discriminate between Purusha and Prakriti and the arts, so as to develop an appreciation and understanding of the work of authorities. Methods ➢Experiential learning with maximum involvement of the senses. ➢Activity based learning include projects, practical work, etc enabling the development of observation and logical reasoning.
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  Samkhya as thePhilosophy of Education Discipline ➢Samkhya recommends a high degree of discipline. ➢One can deduce that it should be self- imposed. Role of Teacher ➢The teacher is to be a facilitator of the development of ➢the innate potentiality of the child.
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  Samkhya as thePhilosophy of Education Place of Student ➢Since, Samkhya believe in the multiplicity of Purusha, it follows that education must be individualised and child centred.
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