Sayre2e ch35 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150676

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Inc.
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Self-portrait as a Soldier. 1915.
27-1/4" × 24”.

Map: The Western Front, 1914-18.

Map: World War I, 1914-18.

John Singer Sargent. Gassed. An oil study. 1918-19.
7-1/2' × 20’.

Trench Warfare and the Literary Imagination
What were the effects of trench warfare on the European
imagination?
• Wilfred Owen: “The Pity of War” — Owen’s poems drew
immediate attention for his horrifying descriptions of the war’s victims.
His intent is that the reader should share his horrific dreams.
• In the Trenches: Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western
Front — The horror of trench warfare is probably nowhere more
thoroughly detailed than in Remarque’s book. It sold more than a
million copies in Germany the first year of its publication in 1928.

• William Butler Yeats and the Specter of Collapse — Yeats
moved beyond the Symbolist movement and imagined a much darker
world. The specter of life in the new postwar era is insentient, pitiless,
and nightmarish.
• T.S. Eliot: The Landscape of Desolation — Eliot’s poetry
reflects both the erudition of a scholar and the depression of a
classicist. In the Waste Land he describes a world turned upside down,
a landscape of complete emotional and physical aridity.
• Discussion Question: How did the experience of World War I affect
attitudes about patriotism and heroism?

Escape From Despair: Dada in the Capitals
What is Dada?
• Dada was an international signifier of negation. It did not mean
anything, just as, in face of war, life itself had come to seem
meaningless. Dada came into being in Zurich, founded by a group of
intellectuals and artists escaping the conflict in neutral Switzerland.
Key figures in the movement are Hans Arp, Marcel Duchamp, and
Raoul Hausmann.
• Discussion Question: Why do the Dadaists reject language?

Hans (Jean) Arp. Fleur Manteau (Flower Hammer). 1916.
24-3/8" × 19-5/8”.

Marcel Duchamp. Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2. 1912.
58" × 35”.

Marcel Duchamp. Fountain. Replica of 1917 original made in 1963. 1917;
1963.
Height: 14”.

 Video: Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain
MyArtsLabChapter 35 – The Great War and Its Impact

Marcel Duchamp. Mona Lisa (L.H.O.O.Q). Rectified Readymade:
reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa altered with pencil. 1919.

Raoul Hausmann. The Art Critic. 1919-20.
12-1/2" × 10”.

Russia: Art and Revolution
How did the arts respond to the Russian Revolution?
• Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet State — Lenin headed the most
radical of Russian postrevolutionary groups, the Bolsheviks. He was a
utopian idealist. But when his party did not succeed in free elections,
he dissolved the government and created the Politburo
• The Arts of the Revolution — Prior to the Revolution, avant-garde
Russian artists established their own brand of modern art. Kasimir
Malevich created Cubo-Futurism and then became engaged in
Suprematism. After the revolution Malevich was inspired by El
Lissitzsky and his piece, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, noting
that Suprematism should adopt a more “Constructive” approach to
reorganizing the world. Sergei Eisenstein was a revolutionary
filmmaker who created The Battleship Potemkin. Lev Kuleshov
developed a theory of montage.

Kasimir Malevich. Painterly Realism: Boy with Knapsack - Color Masses in
the Fourth Dimension. 1915.
28" × 17-1/2”.

Kasimir Malevich. View of Malevich's works hanging in “0,10: The Last
Futurist Exhibition of Painting,” Petrograd, 1915. 1915.

El Lissitzsky. Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge. 1919.

Freud, Jung, and the Art of the Unconscious
How does Freudian psychology manifest itself in the Surrealist art
movement?
• Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents— In this book, Freud
wrote that the greatest impediment to human happiness was
aggression.
• The Jungian Archetype— Jung believed that the unconscious life
of the individual was founded on the collective unconscious, the innate,
inherited contents of the human mind. It manifests itself in the form of
archetypes, those patterns of thought that recur throughout history and
across cultures, in the form of dreams, myths, and the fairy tales.

• The Dreamwork of Surrealism — Andre Breton published the
Surrealist Manifesto and credited Freud with encouraging his own
creative endeavors. Max Ernst’s, The Master’s Bedroom, Its’ Worth
Spending a Night There is the first Surrealist work in the visual arts.
Picasso’s Girl Before a Mirror addresses Surrealism’s most basic
theme – the self in all its complexity. A sense of self-alienation is
central to the work of Salvador Dali. Among the first paintings executed
under the influence of the Surrealists is The Lugubrious Game. A piece
by Alberto Giacometti, Suspended Ball, is the work that caused the
Surrealists to take serious interest in the possibilities of a Surrealist
sculptural project.
• Discussion Question: What is Freud’s basic thesis in Civilization and Its
Discontents?

Sergei Eisenstein. Closer Look: Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin,
"Odessa Steps Sequence.” 1925.

Max Ernst. The Master’s Bedroom, It’s Worth Spending a Night There
(Letter from Katherine S. Dreyer to Max Ernst, May 25, 1920). 1920.
6-3/8" × 8-5/8”.

Joan Miró. The Birth of the World. 1925.
8’ 2-3/4" × 6’ 6-3/4”.

Pablo Picasso. Girl before a Mirror. 1932.
64" × 51-1/4”.

Salvador Dali. The Lugubrious Game. 1929.
17-1/2" × 12”.

Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory. 1931.
9-1/2" × 13”.

 Closer Look: Salvador Dali, The Persistence
of Memory
MyArtsLabChapter 35 – The Great War and Its Impact

Alberto Giacometti. Suspended Ball. 1930-31.
24" × 14-1/2" × 14”.

Meret Oppenheim. Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure). 1931.
Overall height: 2-3/8"; cup diameter: 4-3/4"; saucer diameter: 9-3/8"; spoon
length: 8”.

Experimentation and the Literary Life:
The Stream-of-Consciousness Novel
What is the stream-of-consciousness style of writing?
• Joyce, Ulysses, and Sylvia Beach — No writer was more
influential in introducing the stream-of-consciousness narrative than
James Joyce and no novel better demonstrates its powers than his
Ulysses. Banned in both Britain and the United States, Sylvia Beach
agreed to publish Ulysses in an edition of 1, 000.
• Virginia Woolf: In the Mind of Mrs. Dalloway — Woolf argued
that women could realize their full potential only if they achieved both
financial and psychological independence from men. Mrs. Dalloway is
Woolf’s effort to examine for herself “an ordinary day” of a decidedly
different character from those in Ulysses.
• Marcel Proust and the Novel of Memory — It was Proust who
first imagined the novel as a mental space. Remembrance of Things
Past shows that it is the book and the acts of memory that it restores to
the present—and hence to the future--that time, in all its flux is finally
“regained.”

James Joyce. Sylvia Beach and James Joyce reading reviews of Ulysses.
1922.

Jacob Lawrence. Continuity & Change: Harlem and the Great Migration:
The Migration of the Negro, Panel no. 60: And the migrants kept coming.
1940-41.
18" × 12”.

Sayre2e ch35 integrated_lecture_pp_ts-150676

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