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SCHISTOSOMIASIS.pptx
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- 2. Objectives • By theend of this lesson, learners should be able to: 1. Define schistosomiasis 2. Describe the transmission of schistosomiasis 3. Outline the signs and symptoms of schistosomiasis 4. Identify the diagnosis of schistosomiasis 5. Identify the preventive measures of schistosomiasis 6. Describe the management of schistosomiasis 7. Identify the complications of schistosomiasis infection
- 3. Introduction • Schistosomiasis isa parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the Genus schistosomes • Its also called bilharzia or snail fever: its mostly common in places with poor sanitation • The schistosomes are known as blood flukes as they live in vascular system of humans and other vertebrate hosts. • Most of the human schistosomiasis is caused by S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum
- 4. Epidemiology • Its estimatedthat 200 million people are infected globally, with 800 million people living where there is risk of infection. • More than 70% of infected people live in Sub-Saharan Africa. • Its poverty related disease
- 5. Causes • The larvaeform (cercariae) of Schistosoma penetrate the skin from contaminated water and they migrate to different parts of the body, usually the urinary tract (Schistosoma haematobium) and the gut (S. mansoni) • Human schistosomiasis is caused by five species of the parasitic genus Schistosoma: • S. haematobium which causes urogenital disease • S. mansoni and S. japonicum, S. mekongi and S. intercalatum causes intestinal disease.
- 6. Risk factors • Swimmingin lakes, ponds and other water bodies infested with snails • Fishing (both men and women) • Women washing clothes in infested water are at risk
- 7. Mode of transmission •Eggs hatch releasing Miracidia (larvae/ larval stage) • Miracidia penetrate snail tissue(fresh water snail) • Cercariae released by snail into water then penetrates the skin especially in cuts or wound
- 8. Signs and symptoms •Schistosomiasis occurs in three stages that vary by species, intensity of infection, and host factors (e.g. age, genetics) Stage 1: Cercarial dermatitis • Causes a pruritic maculopapular rash (swimmers’ itch) that last for 1-2 weeks Stage 2: Acute schistosomiasis (katayama fever) • Its caused by S. japonicum and present between 2-3 week and 3 months after parasitic exposure with fever, myalgia, general malaise, fatigue, headache, cough, abdominal tenderness.
- 9. Stage 3: chronicschistosomiasis • Its largely associated with the granulomatous and fibrotic responses to Schistosoma ova during mature infections and mainly • Intestinal schistosomiasis which presents with abdominal pain, diarrhoea, blood in stool, hematemesis and liver enlargement. • Urinary schistosomiasis, which presents with hematuria, painful urination, frequent need to urinate, vaginal bleeding and painful sexual intercourse in female
- 11. Diagnosis 1. History takinge.g. geographical history, clinical presentation, and presence of ova in excreta 2. Physical examination 3. Stool examination 4. Immunological test like Antigen detection, antibody test 5. Urine dipstick 6. Full blood count SAMPLES • Stool • Urine • Serum
- 12. Treatment 1. Praziquantel 40mg/kg singledose for S. mansoni, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium 2. Metriphonate is the alternative drug of choice in schistosomiasis due to S. haematobium. (7.5 mg/kg. weekly for 3 weeks). 3. Steroids (corticosteroids) are used to relieve the symptoms of acute schistosomiasis
- 13. Nursing management 1. MedicationAdministration: 2. Symptom Management: 3. Fluid therapy: 4. Infection Control: 5. Wound Care and Skin Hygiene: 6. Nutritional Support:
- 14. Prevention • Avoid urinatingor defecating in or near water • Avoid washing or stepping in contaminated water • Effective treatment of cases • Clear bushes around landing sites • Health education and awareness • Mass treatment of entire communities and targeted treatment of school-age
- 15. Complications • Gastrointestinal bleeding •GI obstruction • Malnutrition • Schistosomal nephropathy • Renal failure • Pyelonephritis • hematuria
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- 17. References • UCG 2023Publication (Final PDF version). Pdf • Bloom, K. S. (2001) Toohey’s Medicine; A text book for students in health care professionals. 15th Edition. Churchill .UK • Brunner and suddhart medical and surgical nursing 12th edition
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