Science and Technological Development.ppt
- 2. Development of science • Development of science in ancient cultures • Development of science in the classical era • Development of science in the middle ages • Development of science during the renaissance period • Development of science in the age of reason and enlightenment
- 3. Development of science in ancient culture • Ancient period is the longest period of human civilization • Dates back to over 7000 years ago • The important milestones during this period are 1)Oral transfer of knowledge 2)Development of writing 3)Astronomical information 4)Mathematics and medicine
- 4. 1. Oral transfer of knowledge • Knowledge was passed orally from generation to generation • Knowledge about cultivation and astronomical knowledge were passed on orally
- 5. 2. Development of writing • It enabled the knowledge to be stored • Alphabet was first used in Egypt • Some even suggest that it was first developed in Sumer • Paper was invented by Chinese
- 6. 3. Astronomical information • Simple observation was the tool • Sumerians began to record observations around 3500 B.C. • Babylonian astronomy was the first to give a refined description of astronomical phenomena
- 7. 4. Mathematics and medicine • Egyptians were pioneers in this field • They developed geometry to preserve the layout and ownership of farm land which was flooded by Nile river • Egypt was also a centre of alchemy research • The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the oldest existing medical document
- 8. II. Development of science in the classical era (8th century BC to 6th century AD) • It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished • It refers to a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean sea
- 9. Important philosophers • Thales • Pythagoras • Leucippus • Plato • Aristotle • Aristarchus • Eratosthenes • Hippocrates • Euclid • Archimedes
- 10. Thales • Father of science • He postulated non supernatural phenomena • Eg: it was believed that God causes earthquakes, he suggested that it is because of the agitation of water
- 11. Pythagoras • Student of Thales • Postulated that earth is spherical shape
- 12. Leucippus • Introduced atomism- all matter is made of atoms
- 13. Plato • Started the investigations of nature
- 14. Aristotle • Student of Plato • Laid the foundations of scientific method • Classified more than 540 animal species
- 15. Aristarchus • Heliocentric model- sun is the centre of solar system • Currently Copernicus is given the credit
- 16. Eratosthenes • Calculated the circumference of the earth
- 17. Hippocrates • Father of modern medicine
- 18. Euclid • Introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof • Written the book ‘ Elements’
- 19. Archimedes • Greatest mathematician of all time • Calculated the area under the arc of a parabola, given an approximate value of pi • Laid the foundation of hydrostatics
- 20. Other philosophers • Hipparchus- first systematic star catalog • Herophilos – dissected human body to describe the nervous system • Galen –performed surgeries on brain and eye • Theophratus- wrote descriptions of plants and animals
- 21. III. Development of science in the middle ages • Referred to as the medieval era • It includes the following stages 1)Early middle ages 2)High middle ages 3)Late middle ages
- 22. Early middle ages • Also known as dark ages • It resulted in cultural and economic deterioration that occurred in Europe. • Greek was the language used for scientific writings. Later on it declined • For Latin speaking population Roman writings were the source of science • By 6th century churches became the centre of knowledge and clergy were interested only in bible
- 23. Why clergy men studied science? • They studied science for the following reasons 1)Study of nature was pursued for practical reasons than as an abstract inquiry 2)Need to take care of the sick led to study of medicine 3)Need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led to the study of stars 4)The need to compute the date of Easter led them to study mathematics
- 24. • Around 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned emperor • He was the founder of holy Roman empire • He restored learning and morality in the environment • Study of astronomy gained prominence during this period • After Charlemagne, emphasis was given on translating texts from Greek
- 25. High middle ages (Ad 1000-1300) • Around 1050 AD, European scholars built upon their existing knowledge from Greek and Arabic texts • Medieval universities were established around this time • The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle • Importance was given to empiricism • Roger Bacon and Robert Grosseteste conducted investigations into optics. • A description on a possible construction of a telescope has also been found
- 26. Late middle ages (AD 1300-1450) • Occam’s Razor is a heuristics used by modern science to select between two or more underdetermined theories • It was derived from William of Occam’s logical studies • They started studying the controversial scientific treatises of the Byzantine and Islamic empires • Thomas Bradwardine distinguished kinematics from dynamics • Nicole Oresme advocated that earth moves • Outbreak of plague put a stop to the massive scientific change
- 27. IV. Development of science during the renaissance period (AD 1450-1650) • Renaissance is an Italian word meaning rebirth • The invention of printing press by Johan Gutenberg in 1436 • Science was revived by philosophers like Copernicus, Johan Kepler, Francis Bacon, Galilei and William Harvey
- 28. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish astronomer who against Ptolemaic view regarding the motions of heavenly bodies (all heavenly bodies including the sun revolve around the earth) • He proposed the Heliocentric model
- 29. Johan Kepler (1571-1630) • He gave three laws of planetary motions • Kepler discovered that planets move round the sun in ellipses
- 30. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Galileo made significant contribution to the field such as astronomy, mathematics, physics and the development of scientific instruments • First to use telescope • First to develop the law of falling bodies
- 31. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Emphasized the importance of induction as a scientific method • Stressed the importance of observation, experimentation, analysis and inductive reasoning
- 32. William Harvey • Father of modern physiology • Discovered the circulation of blood through the body
- 33. V. Development of science in the age of reason and enlightenment (1650-1800) • Age of reason was an early 18th century movement which followed after the mysticism, religion and superstition of the middle ages • Individuals were free to pursue happiness and liberty • The age of enlightenment refers to a historical intellectual movement of the 18th century • Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, development in the fields of physics, mathematics and chemistry
- 34. David Hume (1711-1776) • He stated that correlation doesn’t imply causation
- 35. John Locke (1632-1704) • Father of classical liberalism • His work had a great impact upon the development of philosophy
- 36. Issac Newton (1642-1727) • Contributions in the field of astronomy, physics, mathematics and theology • Theory of gravitation • Contributions to the fields of computation, approximation and probability • Optics and mechanics • Newton saw God as the master creator whose existence could not be denied.
- 37. George Berkeley (1685-1753) • Famous for his work on vision and metaphysics • Concentrated on visual and tactual objects
- 38. Nature of science • Came from the word scientia meaning knowledge • Science is organised knowledge especially when obtained by observation and testing of facts about the physical world, natural laws and society
- 39. I. Principles and characteristics • Objectivity • Progressive • Universal basic ideas (knowledge gained from studying one part of the universe is applicable to other parts as well) • Empirically based • Reliable and tentative knowledge • Observation and inference • Creative thinking • Laws and theories are different • Scientific methods • Science explains and predicts • Science cannot answer all questions
- 40. a) objectivity • Depends upon objective methods and produces objective results
- 41. b) progressive • Scientific knowledge leads to new concepts • Progressive nature of allows us to discard certain theories ( heliocentric)
- 42. c) Universal basic ideas • Basic rules apply everywhere • Law of motion is applicable to all forms of forces
- 43. d) Scientific knowledge is empirically based • Based upon observations of the natural world • Empirical information forms the basis of scientific knowledge
- 44. e) Reliable and tentative knowledge • Scientific ideas may change over time • Sometimes it remain unchanged (pluto’s exclusion from the solar system) Lamarckism - the more you use something the bigger and developed it becomes
- 45. f) Observation and inference • Information gained through senses is interpreted logically
- 46. g) Creative thinking • Creativity is a major source of innovation in science • (invention of aircrafts)
- 47. h) Laws and theories are different law • Law is a description of generalized pattern based on many observations • It describes what happens in the natural world and are expressed in mathematical terms • They do not provide any explanation for the occurrence of the phenomenon • Eg: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction – Newton’s law theory • Theories are explanations for scientific phenomenon • They offer explanation for the phenomenon • Eg: how rainbows are formed?
- 48. i) Scientific methods • Variety of methods are used • Descriptive studies, correlation, experimental method
- 49. j) Science explains and predicts • It connects various phenomena and explains the relationship • For eg: the proof for a single continent pangea was obtained from fossils, jig saw fit etc
- 50. k) Science cannot answer all questions • It has limitations • No cure for certain diseases • No explanation for many phenomenon
- 51. II. Science as knowledge 1) science as empirical knowledge 2) Science as theoretical knowledge 3) Science as practical knowledge 4)Science as validated knowledge
- 52. 1)Science as empirical knowledge • All knowledge comes from sensory experience • Science is based on evidence • Aristotle, Bacon, Hobbes are all associated with empiricism
- 53. 2)Science as theoretical knowledge • Scientific theory is a well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment • Construction of theory is one of the major goals of research • A scientific theory may be wrong which will be modified or discarded
- 54. 3) Science as practical knowledge • Application of science to increase human welfare • Medical field X-Ray was invented by a physicist • Eg: photosynthesis, the process through which plants convert light energy into chemical is known, if we can apply it, it can answer all the questions on energy production
- 55. 4) Science as validated knowledge • The theories should have predictive power • Bias can’t be avoided, but the possible source has to be studied
- 56. Science and scientific temper 1. Significance of observation and experimentation 2. Empirical explanation and objectivity 3. Scientific temper as fundamental duty of Indian citizen
- 57. 1. Significance of observation and experimentation • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge • It consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation and the formulation and testing of hypotheses
- 58. Elements of scientific process • Characterization : how to understand a phenomenon, decide what to observe about a phenomenon, how to define the research problem and how to measure the phenomenon • Hypothesis and theory: the research questions before performing research, often based on earlier research • Prediction: what answers or results do we expect? What is the logic of the result? • Observation or experimentation: testing characterization, hypothesis, theory and predictions, understanding a phenomenon better and drawing conclusion.
- 59. Types of experiments • Experiments are used 1) to make observations in controlled environments 2) To eliminate undesired external factors • Three types of experiments 1) Controlled experiments: it refers to the investigation where the results obtained from an experimental sample are compared with a control sample 2) Natural experiment: carried out in an artificial situation, where the researcher attempts to control the confounding variables 3) Field experiment: performed outside the lab, in the real world, but follows the steps of scientific process
- 60. 2. Empirical explanation and objectivity • Empirical denotes information is acquired by means of observation/experimentation • Scientific process is a systematic process • Objectivity is a value that informs how science is practiced and how scientific truths are created. • The conclusions drawn by the researcher must be objectively verified
- 61. 3. Scientific temper as fundamental duty of Indian citizen • The mental attitude which is behind the method of acquiring reliable and practical knowledge is scientific temper. • Not accepting answers without scrutiny- essential feature of scientific temper
- 62. Scientific temper involves • Mental attitude which is behind the method of acquiring reliable and practical knowledge • Not accepting answers without testing and trial • Requiring solid information and inconvertible data • Not accepting views just because they are traditionally accepted • Not observing superstitious practices • Openness of mind and absence of dogmatism (opinionated)
- 63. Scientific temper • Is important for the progress of the country • Article 51 A says it is our fundamental duty to develop a scientific temper
- 64. Science and superstition • Science has evidence to support the claims • Superstitions stem from cultural beliefs
- 65. The main areas under science and superstition are 1. Role of science in exploding myth 2. Blind beliefs and prejudices 3. Role of science and scientific temper in promoting tolerance and harmony
- 66. 1. Role of science in exploding the myth • A myth is a story based on tradition or legend, which has a deep symbolic meaning • Myths are often used to explain universal and local beginnings and involve supernatural beings • Few myths broken by science are:
- 67. • Earth is the center of the solar system • The sun is not a star • The sun is a burning ball of fire • The sun revolves around the earth • According to religious belief, god created man • If humans came from apes, why are not apes evolving into humans? • Heavier bodies fall at a faster speed than the lighter ones • Earth is flat
- 68. 2. Blind beliefs and prejudices • Blind belief is a mental act, condition or habit of placing blind faith, trust or confidence in some one or something • Prejudice is an adverse opinion formed beforehand
- 69. Blind beliefs have adverse effects such as • Increase in caste and communal violence • Lack of tolerance in the society • Favoritism based on caste, religion etc. • Disorder in the society • Looting by anti social elements • Molestation of women • Disruption of economic activities in offices • Waste of time, money and effort
- 70. 3. Role of science and scientific temper in promoting tolerance and harmony • Science can promote tolerance and harmony • It will make us unbiased
- 71. Tolerance • To live and to let others live in peace • Tolerance is a positive and cordial effort to understand another’s beliefs, practices and habits without necessarily sharing or accepting them
- 72. Importance of tolerance • Promoting peace and harmony • Facilitates cooperation • Develops relations
- 73. Harmony • It means living in agreement with each other • Scientific temper helps to develop positive attitude towards each other
- 74. Harmony can be developed through • Law and order administration • Education • Role of media • Role of religious leaders • Role of youth
- 75. Science in everyday life • Technology has originated from the Greek word ‘tekhnologia’ meaning systematic treatment of an art, craft, or technique. • Technology is the application of tools, materials, processes and systems to solve problems and provide benefits to humanity.
- 76. Role of technology in development Communication E commerce Transport Medicine Education
- 77. Communication • A few decades back, having a landline connection in India was considered as a sign of luxury. • In the distant past, people used to communicate through pigeon post, human messengers on foot, horseback etc.
- 78. • Then came the telegraph system where messages were send on communication lines. Later these systems gave way to landline telephones, computers, internet and emails. • Following these came many wireless (mobile/ satellite) and wired (Optical fibers) technologies. These technologies provided better communication and data rates that increased with each generation (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G)
- 79. Ecommerce • All the banks provide net banking facilities these days • The net banking and mobile banking systems enabled by the latest technologies provide customers simplified and faster banking services.
- 80. Transport • Transportation facilities have improved drastically over the years by making it quicker and more efficient. • Technological advances in engineering have made our engines more efficient and faster. • Today vehicles can be tracked, flight and train information can be known instantly, anything can be send from one part of the world to another easily and quickly.
- 81. Medicine • Digitization of medical records made it possible for doctors and physicians to instantly access the old medical records of patients. • Robotic surgery can be performed for a wide range of procedures including hysterectomies, urology conditions and ophthalmology procedures to name a few.
- 82. Education • Technology has left its mark in the realm of education as well. • Lectures of eminent professors across the world are available on internet. • Online tuitions are very common these days. The availability of educational resources such as e books, interactive books etc. have given a great momentum to the field of education.
- 83. Any connection between science and technology?
- 84. Interrelation between science and technology • All technological advancement begins with some scientific theory. • Any new knowledge or theory from science will eventually influence a technological advancement. • Similarly, a new technological advancement may lead to a new discovery.
- 85. • Similarly, Technological practices, knowledge and outcomes can provide mechanisms for science to gain a better view of its defined world, and in fact can provide serious challenges to the defining of that world. • The technological artefacts such as microscope have opened a new visible world before the scientists to investigate. • In a nutshell, it could be said that science and technology are two sides of the same coin. Both influence each other, but still exist as unique entities.
- 86. Distinction between science and technology
- 87. Science Technology Science is knowing. Technology is doing. Science is a knowledge base, where studies are carried out systematically to predict an outcome. Technology is an application of science. The various branches of study like biology, chemistry and psychology are all examples of science. Technology provides the tools to study science. Goal of science is the pursuit of knowledge. Technology is used to improve the lifestyle of mankind. In science the goals are achieved through scientific processes. In technology, goals are achieved through key technological processes. Science aims at explaining something. Technology aims at developing something for the welfare of people. In science, the focus is more on analysis, generalizations and the creation of theories. Technology focuses more on analysis and synthesis of design.
- 88. In science, drawing correct conclusions are based on theories and accurate data. In technology, decisions are made on the basis of incomplete data and approximate models. Science, makes value free statements. In technology, activities have values loaded with them. Science is controlled by experimentation. Technology involves many processes like design, invention and production. The skills required to excel in science are experimental and logical skills. The skills required to excel in technology are designing, constructive and problem solving skills.
- 89. • Thank u