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- 4. What is the “Scientific Revolution?” • Increasing number of discoveries and inventions • A shift in traditional ways of thinking about the world • Shaped the way we do science today
- 5. What is “Science?” What characteristics distinguish science from what is not science? What kinds of things would it make you think of if you heard someone say: “What an unscientific view” or “That was the scientific way to approach it”?
- 6. Medieval Science: Natural Philosophy • Relied on speculation and theorizing rather than observation • Dominated by common sense, myth and folklore • Included alchemy and magic
- 8. Case Study: The Black Death • Data/Observations: – Nasty black lumps were forming on people – People were becoming sick – People were dying – The world was falling into disorder and chaos
- 9. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: The witches are to blame
- 10. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: The Jews are to blame
- 11. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: It is the apocalypse, the world is ending
- 12. Q: What is happening? Why is this happening? A: We are to blame, God is punishing us
- 13. Case Study: The Black Death • Sources of Knowledge – Common Sense – The Bible – Folklore – Superstition and Magic
- 14. Medieval Science: One with the Church • Time of miracles and supernatural • Nature seemed irregular and inconsistent • Studied science to learn more about God • Bible, not human observation, was ultimate truth
- 15. Medieval Science: One with the Church • Church - dominant authority on what is true and not true • Most schools - religious institutions • Church decided official curriculum • Most scholars - members of clergy
- 16. But then things changed . . . WHY?
- 17. Causes of the Scientific Revolution • Recovery of ancient texts during the Renaissance • Need to solve navigational problems in sea voyages • Rise of non-religious universities • Better instruments
- 18. Scientific Method • A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas • Use consistency, observation, reason and repeatability • New way to form knowledge and authority
- 19. Nicolaus Copernicus • Argued that the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth • Used mathematics to support this idea
- 20. Geocentric Theory Heliocentric Theory
- 21. Galileo Galilei • Used telescope to make reliable observations • Confirmed Copernicus’ heliocentric theory • Wrote his theories in Italian • Church put him on trial before the Inquisition
- 22. William Harvey • Discovered that blood is recycled through the heart, rather than converted from food • His research is the starting point of physiology - how the body functions
- 23. Andreas Vesalius • Dissected human bodies, not just animals • Made detailed sketches of the dissected bodies • His research is the starting point of modern anatomy
- 26. Isaac Newton • Used mathematics to demonstrate that two objects pull towards one another • Applied this theory to argue that force keeps the planets in orbit around the sun, rather than spirits and divinities • His research is the starting point for astronomy, engineering and physics
- 27. What made this a “Revolution?” Inventions and discoveries were not new to the world, they had been done by many cultures since ancient times . . .
- 28. Impacts of the Scientific Revolution • An international community of scholars was created • The Scientific Method helped scientists understand the world • Led to a shift in the way people thought about everything: The Enlightenment
- 29. Is Science ultimately more beneficial or harmful?