More Related Content
Similar to Seed production in tomato
Seed production in tomato
- 1.
- 2. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURALSCIENCES, GKVK, BANGALORE DEPARTMENT OF SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TOPIC: SEED PRODUCTION OF TOMATO SUBMITTED BY: GOURAMMA HONGAL PAMB1332
- 3. Content 1. Introduction 2. Botanicaldescription 3. Importance 4. Floral biology 5. Climate and soil 6. Propagation 7. Nutrition 8. Interculture and weed management 9. Pest and diseases and their management 10. Rouging 11. Harvesting 12. Seed Extraction Methods 13. Techniques producing F-1 hybrid 14. Field and Seed standards
- 4. TOMATO Tomato isone of the most popular vegetables of great commercial value. In India, tomato was introduced by the Portuguese travellers. Tomato is grown throughout the year in almost all home gardens and on large scale in market and truck gardening systems. It is native of Peruvian or Mexican region. It is an excellent source of vitamin C and good source of vitamins A and B. Tomato seeds contain oil(about 24%) which is used as salad oil and in the preparation of margarine
- 5. Botanical description: Scientificname : Solanum lycopersicum Family : Solanaceae Chromosome no. : 2n=24 Origin : Peruvian or Mexican region Plant type : Annual Other names : Wolf peach, Wolf fruit
- 6. Importance 1.It is commonlycooked as vegetable along with other vegetables like Potatoes 2.Various products are made from tomatoes are soup, ketchup, sauce, chutney, powder, paste, juice 3.Tomato juice is used as an appetizer and beverage. 4.Tomato contains important minerals namely potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorous, boron etc., 5.Tomato has medicinal importance. Tomato juice promotes gastric secretion, acts as blood purifier, and works as intestinal antiseptic.
- 7. Plant Characteristics: Habitat: terrestrial, wetland . Leaf type : Leaves are compound (made up of two or more discrete leaflets) Leaf arrangement : Alternate, spirally arranged pinnatified, oval, irregularly lobed. Inflorescence: Cymes Flower: Pendent, perfect and hypogynous, pale yellow to yellow in colour. Stamens are 5 in number. Ovary 6 celled. Fruit type : Flesh berry with 2-9 loculi, orange, yellow or red when ripe. Usually round pear shaped, smooth or furrowed.
- 8. Important species oftomato 1. Lycopersicon esculentum 2. Lycopersicon cheesmani 3. Lycopersicon hirsutum 4. Lycopersicon peruvianum 5. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
- 9. Indian Agricultural ResearchInstitute, New Delhi Pusa Early Dwarf Pusa red plum Pusa ruby Set 120 Sioux IIHR, Bangalore Arka Saurabh Arka Vikas Arka Vardhan Arka Alok Arka Vishal
- 10. Punjab Agricultural University,Ludhiana Punjab Tropic S-12 Punjab NR-7 Indo-American Hybrid Seed C0., Bangalore Mangala Sheetal Vaishali Rupali Rashmi Naveen
- 11. Floral biology : Inflorescence : Cymes- Flowers borne in cluster Anthesis : It starts at 6 a.m. with maximum flower opening between 7 to 8 a.m.. Dehiscence : Peak from 9 to 11 a.m. Stigma receptivity: Becomes receptive 16 hours before anthesis and remain the same for 2-3 days after anthesis. The optimum temperature for pollination is about 21ºC . The pollen remain viable for 7-10 days at 20º C and 70% humidity.
- 12. Corolla : Brightyellow 5 petals Gamosepalous Androecium : 5 stamens Epipetalous Small filaments Large anthers Gynoecium : Ovary is superior, bicarpellary and syncarpous Style- Single Stigma- bilobed
- 13.
- 14. Tomato isa warm season plant. It cannot withstand severe frosts. For plant growth, atmospheric temperature should be in the range of 20ºC to 28ºC. Night and day temperature below 15ºC and above 39ºC respectively cause poor germination and develop off shaped fruits. A warm sunny weather is most suited for its ripening, colour, quality and high yields. Climate and soil
- 15. Soil whichis well drained fairly light, fertile, organic matter rich with a fair soil water holding capacity is ideal. For early crop, a sandy loam soil is the best. Tomato do well in soil reaction from pH 6 to 7. It is moderately tolerant to acid soils (5.5). Application of lime is advisable to improve soil Ph when it is below 5 Soil
- 16. Tomato cropis propagated by seeds. Raising of seedlings: The field for raising nursery should be highly porous and fertile. Raised beds are prepared and the seeds are sown in lines of 5 cm apart. The seeds are covered with sand. Watering should be done with rose can. Nursery beds may be covered with dry Saccharum grass for 3-5 days to induce early germination of seeds because of darkness. The seedlings will be ready for transplanting 25-30 days after sowing. Propagation
- 17. About 500-800gram of seed is enough to raise sufficient seedlings for the planting of one hectare area. One gram contains about 300 seeds. It is advantageous to treat seeds with IAA in talc powder and to sow the seeds after one months of treatment for better plant growth and higher fruits yields. Seed rate Seed treatment
- 18. Tomato isa heavy feeder of macronutrients (N,P,K) and therefore these should be applied in right doses in right time and with suitable method so that better growth and development is attained. For Karnataka Irrigated: 250:250:250 kg NPK per hectare For Karnataka Rainfall: 60:50:30 kg NPK per hectare Along with NPK, FYM of 35 tons/ha is applied. Micronutrients such as Ca, Boron, Zinc are important. These are applied through foliar sprays. Nutrition
- 19. Organic manuresare incorporated in the soil before or at final ploughing. Application of Nitrogen is done in two splits doses during winter and in three splits during rainy season. The first application is done 3 weeks after transplanting of seedlings and 2nd application just at the beginning of flowering and 3rd application is done during fruiting stage. Whole quantity of Phosphorus and Potassium is applied on both sides of row and mixed with soil. Method and time of application
- 20. Tomato seedlingsbecome ready for transplanting when they attain 10-15cm height and are of 3-4 weeks old. Seedlings should be uprooted carefully from the nursery bed. Transplanting is done either in flat bed(in light soils) or on ridges(in heavy soils) at 60×30 cm. Planting on ridges provides good support to plants and less attack of fruit diseases. Planting may be done preferably in the evening. Light irrigation is done immediately after planting. Transplanting
- 21. 1st irrigationis given just after transplanting of seedlings . 2nd irrigation should be given on the 3rd day of planting and the subsequent irrigations at 7days interval depending on the soil conditions and prevailing local climate. During hot season, the tomato is irrigated once in a week. During winter season. Whenever there is a danger of frost, the crop must be irrigated as it helps to maintain temperature above freezing. It is an essential for keeping down weeds and maintenance of soil mulch. The 1st hand hoeing and weeding should be attended to on 25th day of planting and earthing up on 45th day. To control weed 2l basin mixed with 600-700 l of water should be sprayed and mixed with soil before transplanting Irrigation Interculture and weed control
- 22. Major Insects- pests in tomato 1.Fruit borer 2.Jassids 3.Tobacco caterpillar 4.White fly 5.Root knot nematodes Control: 1.Hand picking of insects and pests. 2.Follow crop rotation. 3.Spray with suitable insecticides. 4.Grow resistant varieties
- 23. Major diseases ofTomato 1.Damping off 2.Buckeye rot 3.Fusarium wilt 4.Early Blight 5.Late blight 6.Bacterial canker 7.Leaf curl virus
- 24. Early blight Lateblight Anthracnose Root knot nematode
- 25. Physiological disorders oftomato Blossom end rot Cat face Fruit cracking
- 26. Individual plantis given support with the help of wooden stick or bamboo stakes. Support prevents plants from bending, fruits do not come in direct contact of soil, insects find comparatively less hiding place, spraying of insecticides becomes easy. At least 3 times roughing should be carried out at different stages of crop growth. 1. Pre flowering stage: The 1st roughing is done for the plants which bears flowers, plants different in their branch and leaves orientation, leaf colour, plants different in general plant type including determinate and indeterminate habit, should be removed if they are different than the grown variety. Training and Pruning Roguing
- 27. 2. Floweringstage: The 2nd roguing should be done at flowering and post flowering stage. The plants which do not bear flowers and plants show different flower colour than the grown variety should be removed from the field. 3. Fruit stage: In this roguing, the plants which show different fruit size and shape should be removed. The plants which show unripe fruit colour or ripe fruit colour other than variety grown in the field should also be removed from the field. Tomato fruits are harvested for seed purpose at pink to red ripe stage. Hybrid seed yield is about 40-50 kg/ha . Harvesting and seed yield :
- 28. 1. Fermentationmethod: The ripe fruits are crushed wall in a non-metallic container by hand. The entire material is kept as such till it ferment. When fermentation is completed it shows profuse foam formation on the upper surface of material and tomato flesh separated from seeds completely. Seeds are washed at least 8-10 times with clean water. Seeds are spread thinly in the sun for drying. 2. Alkali treatment method: The extracted material with pulp is treated with an alkali mixture in equal volume. When the alkali mixture is cooled, allow it all to stand overnight in an earthen pot. Next day, all the seeds will settle down at the bottom of the container. The liquid is decanted off. Seeds are washed thoroughly with clean water and allowed to dry in the sun. Seed extraction
- 29. 3. Acidtreatment method: In the extracted tomato pulp commercial hydrochloric acid at 5-6 ml/kg pulp is thoroughly mixed and stirred and washed thoroughly after 30 min with clean water, and seeds are allowed to dry in the sun. Washing: After the extraction the seed are washed with water to remove the pulp. The water is added to containers with the pulp and seed. It is stirred thoroughly and is drained out along with pulp and other mucilaginous substance. This process is repeated until the seeds are clean.
- 30. After washingthe seeds should be dried as rapidly as possible. Seeds may be spread on screen bottom trays, or cloth and placed in the open where a maximum exposure to sun and dry air is available. The seeds should be dried to 8 per cent moisture before storage. Grading: The seeds are passed through different size of screen preferably above 0.6mm to 0.8mm size. Drying
- 31. Whole drylot of seeds are graded. The seeds are passed through different size of screen preferably above 0.6 mm to 0.8 mm size. However, size of screen or sieve also varies with varieties. Larger seeds are superior to smaller seeds, hence, grading of seeds is absolutely essential to get maximum seed quality. Grading
- 32. Packing andStorage: The seeds should be treated with captan or thiram 75WDP at 2g/kg seed. After treating the seeds should be packed in polythene bags then the seeds should be stored with 8-10 per cent moisture in container of moisture- vapour proof. Such seeds will remain viable up to 70-80 per cent at the end of about 25-30 months of storage.
- 33. Technique of producingF1 hybrid Tomato seed Hybridization requires the growing of 2 separate male and female parents. The male parent provides pollen and the female parent receives pollen resulting in the fruit bearing, the F1 hybrid seed Ratio of male to female is 1:5. All the flowers of female parents are emasculated during their late bud stage. It is done by removing their anthers with the help of suitable forceps carefully, prior to applying pollen to its stigma. Pollen is collected from the flowers by detaching from the male parent and is applied with a fine brush to each emasculated female flower. Pollination should be followed by bagging of flowers avoiding any chances of cross pollination through bees. Pollinated flowers are marked with tag for ease in identification of fruits containing hybrid seed at harvest time.
- 36. Dusting of pollengrain on emasculated flower Bagging of pollinated flower to avoid contamination with foreign pollen
- 37. Field standards forTomato Seed production Factors Foundation seeds Certified seeds Isolation distance 50m 25m Off types (maximum) 0.1 0.2 Other crop plants (maximum) None None Objectionable weed seeds(max.) None None Diseased plants 0.1 0.5
- 38. Seed Standards forTomato seed production Standards Foundation seeds Certified seeds Pure seed (minimum) 98% 98% Inert matter (maximum) 2% 2% Other crop seeds (maximum) 5/kg 10/kg Weed seeds (maximum) None None Germination (minimum) 70% 70% Moisture (maximum) 8% 8% For vapour proof container 6% 6%