![Osmopriming
Soaking of seeds in aerated low-water potential solutions to
control water uptake and prevent radicle protrusion
Mannitol, inorganic salts [KNO3, KCl, Ca(NO3)2, etc] used
extensively;
Polyethylene glycol (PEG; 6,000-8,000 mol. wt.) now
preferred; large molecule size prevents movement into
living cells.
• Priming with lanthanum nitrate solutions can also
accelerate the germination of the rice seeds, whilst
significantly increasing seedling vigor in terms of root
growth (Fashui et al., 2003).
• Osmoconditioning (–1.1 MPa potassium nitrate solution)
for 24 h improved germination and early seedling growth
in fine and coarse rice (Basra et al. 2005)
29/07/2016 20](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/seminar-170825160507/85/Seed-quality-enhancement-techniques-and-biofortification-in-rice-20-320.jpg)
Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice
- 1. Seed quality enhancement techniques and biofortification in rice SIDDARUDH K S Ph.D Scholar PALB 4075 1
- 2. Contents • Introduction • General scenario of rice • Invigoration techniques • Seed Hardening • Seed bio-priming • Seed coating treatments • Factors affecting priming • Biofotification • Gaps in seed priming research • Future areas to be researched • Conclusion 29/07/2016 2
- 3. HISTORY • First sign of cultivation about 5500 years ago in China. • Cultivation spread to parts of India, Iran, Iraq, Egypt and eventually to Japan around 500 B.C. • First cultivated in U.S. along coastal regions from S. Carolina to Texas in 1685. • First grown in Arkansas in 1907. • Today, 92% of rice grown and consumed in Asia. 29/07/2016 3
- 4. 4 General scenario of rice • Rice is the most important food crop of India, and it occupies 23.3% of gross cropped area of the country. • Rice contributes 43% of total food grains production. • In India- Area of 44 mha, average production of 90 million tonnes with productivity of 2.0 tonnes per hectare. • Demand for rice is growing every year and it is estimated that in 2010 and 2025 the requirement would be 100 and 140 million tones respectively 29/07/2016
- 5. Eco-System wise rice in India Irrigatedarea, 54.60% Low land, 2.60%Semideep, 10.90% Shallow low land,18.70% Rainfed upland, 13.20% Low land,1.10% Rainfedupland, 7.80% Shallow low land,13.30% Semideep, 7.80% Irrigatedarea, 70.00% Area Production 29/07/2016 5
- 6. Invigoration techniques • Seed invigoration techniques are value-added treatments applied on a given seed lot to improve its field performance. • This term is often used interchangeably with seed priming. Seed invigoration or seed enhancements are “post-harvest treatments to improve germination and seedling growth or to facilitate the delivery of seeds 29/07/2016 6
- 7. Seed Hydration Treatments • Seed requires water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature for germination. • Water uptake follows a triphasic pattern 29/07/2016 7
- 8. For higher productivity/production, it is always desirable to have a very high proportion of germinable seeds in the samples at the time of sowing. This is of greater relevance in respect of hybrids & high value, low volume seed. Moreover, as the seed trade is becoming more and more competitive, it is essential that the success of each seed in the field is assured, particularly in case of high value seeds such as hybrids and their parental lines etc. Priming-its need 29/07/20168
- 9. Dry Seed Controlled Hydration* Metabolic activation (phase II) Amelioration of age-induced degeneration ( Cellular repair ) Advancement of germination processes. Controlled dehydration Back to initial moisture content* Primed Seed * At these points several additives can be incorporated for futher fortification, such as bioregulants, micro/macro nutrients, pesticides etc. During priming a seed goes through phase I and phase II, but is not allowed to enter phase III /germinate (i.e Radicle emergence). 29/07/20169
- 10. B) Seed priming: Is an hydration treatment that allows controlled imbibitions and induction of the pre- germinative metabolism but radicle emergence is prevented. Schematic representation of germination processes primed unprimed 29/07/201610
- 11. The vigour scale Invigoration treatments are most effective in x and x’ stages of seed vigour. I. High vigour: produces normal, vigorous seedling in a wide range of conditions II. Medium vigour : produces normal seedling under favourable conditions. III. Low vigour: produce weak, abnormal seedling even under favourable conditions. x x’ Non-viable seed 29/07/201611
- 12. 29/07/2016 12
- 13. Pre-Soaking • Presoaking includes the methods in which water is freely available to seeds, and its uptake is not restricted by the prevailing environment. • The water uptake is governed by the affinity of the seed tissues to water. • Common techniques include imbibing seeds on moistened blotters or soaking seeds in water. 29/07/2016 13
- 14. Hydropriming • In hydropriming, seeds are soaked in water and dried before sowing • Coarse and fine rice seeds subjected to hydropriming for 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h in aerated tap water manifested improved vigor in both rice types Of these, maximum vigor improvement was noted in seeds hydroprimed for 48 h (Farooq et al., 2006 g) Hardening • Hardening, also called hydration-dehydration, refers to repeated soaking in water and drying • For rice seeds, two cycles of alternate wetting and drying are effective Hardening for 24 h proved best in vigor enhancement in both coarse and fine rice (Basra et al., 2004) On-farm seed priming • soaking in water for some time followed by surface drying before sowing referred to as “on-farm priming” • Overnight soaking (before the actual radicle protrusion) is the best strategy in Rice (Harris et al., 2002). 29/07/2016 14
- 15. Factors Affecting Seed Priming Oxygen • Oxygen has been identified as one of the most important variables modulating the effectiveness of seed priming. • Osmohardening in aerated solutions of calcium chloride and potassium chloride, each with osmotic potential of –1.25 MPa, improved the germination, stand establishment, growth, and yield in transplanted and direct-sown rice (Farooq et al., 2006) 29/07/2016 15
- 16. Temperature • Low temperatures during priming can change the seed performance (Lee et al.,1998). This may delay the physiological processes of germination, even though the seed absorbs water in optimal amounts • Lower temperatures also reduce the possibility of microbial contamination during priming. Lee et al. (1998) 29/07/2016 16
- 17. Water Potential • Seeds germinate when water potential reaches a critical level in the seed. This varies within and between plant species, but generally occurs when the seed environment is between 0 and –2 MPa (McDonald, 2000) 29/07/2016 17
- 18. Seed Priming (Controlled Hydration) • Controlled Hydration is a technique by which seeds are partially hydrated to a point where germination- related metabolic processes begin, but radicle emergence does not occur • During this process, seeds are placed in solutions with a high osmotic potential. 29/07/2016 18
- 19. Dry seed Imbibition Dehydration Prevent cell and radical emergence Shade / sundried to bring back to its original water content Stops the germination process Hardened seed Sowing Principle involved in seed hydration 29/07/2016 19
- 20. Osmopriming Soaking of seeds in aerated low-water potential solutions to control water uptake and prevent radicle protrusion Mannitol, inorganic salts [KNO3, KCl, Ca(NO3)2, etc] used extensively; Polyethylene glycol (PEG; 6,000-8,000 mol. wt.) now preferred; large molecule size prevents movement into living cells. • Priming with lanthanum nitrate solutions can also accelerate the germination of the rice seeds, whilst significantly increasing seedling vigor in terms of root growth (Fashui et al., 2003). • Osmoconditioning (–1.1 MPa potassium nitrate solution) for 24 h improved germination and early seedling growth in fine and coarse rice (Basra et al. 2005) 29/07/2016 20
- 21. Osmohardening • A new technique for rice seed invigoration has recently been introduced in which both seed hardening and osmoconditioning are successfully integrated • In this technique (like hardening), both the number and duration of cycles are important for improving the seed vigor. • Osmohardening with calcium chloride was the most effective in improving the growth of rice nursery seedlings (Farooq et al., 2007), and stand establishment in direct-seeded coarse and fine rice (Farooq et al., 2007). 29/07/2016 21
- 22. Treatment G(%) Root/shoot Seedling fresh weight(g) Seedling dry weight(g) Fine rice Control 41.415e 0.976a 1.23e 0.84d Hardening 80.23a 0.97c 2.1d 1.97c Cacl2 83.19a 1.66a 3.31a 2.44a Nacl 76.97ab 1.31a 3.15b 1.94c Kno3 66.75d 0.98c 2.86c 2.15b Kcl 72.19c 1.26ab 2.91c 2.091b Lsd @0.05 4.342 0.213 0.112 0.095 Coarse rice Control 82.47a 1.05a 3.09a 2.08b Hardening 84.00b 1.05c 3.00c 2.33a Cacl2 90.40a 1.37a 3.15b 2.07c Nacl 79.10bc 1.27ab 2.97c 2.06c Kno3 58.75d 1.07c 1.98e 1.59d Kcl 86.25ab 1.27ab 2.83d 1.99c Lsd @0.05 6.234 0.178 0.1212 0.0986 Basra etal.,2008 Effect of seed hardening to overcome drought in coarse and fine rice 29/07/2016 22 Physico-chemical changes within the cytoplasm including greater hydration of colloids, higher viscosity and Elasticity of the protoplasm
- 23. Treatment Germinatio n (%) Mean germination time T 50 Germinatio n Index Enery of germination (%) Control 87b 2.60c 1.50b 22.5c 55c Traditional soaking 99a 2.03d 0.97d 36.0a 90a Seed hardening 18h 83b 2.86b 1.28c 26.Ob 75b Seed hardening 24h 100a 2.133d 0.91e 36.5a 95a Osmo coditioning 24h 87b 2.90b 1.47b 27.3b 70b Osmo coditioning 48h 63c 3.13a 2.03a 17.5d 30d Effect of pre sowing hardening on the germination and emergence on fine rice Basra etal.,2004 29/07/2016 23 Seed hardening 24h induce early and faster germination in fine rice that is associated with increased alfa amylase activity & enhanced starch conversion into simple sugars
- 24. Matripriming • Matripriming involves controlled seed hydration similar to the natural moisture absorption of the plant media • Seeds are mixed into moist solid carriers such as granulated clay particles or vermiculite • The surface of these compounds creates matrix forces that hold water to facilitate slow absorption by the seed (Taylor et al.,Beckman et al., 1993). After treatment, the seed is separated from the solid carrier and allowed to dry. 29/07/2016 24
- 25. Effect of seed priming on the seedling establishment of direct seeded coarse rice 29/07/2016 25 Treatment means ± standard error. Means sharing same alphabets differ non significantly Muhammad et al 2006 Greater partitioning and uniform distribution of photoassimilates due to osmohardening treatments resulted in a greater number of emergence with improved crude proteins and reduced amylose content
- 26. Effect of seed priming on agronomic and yield characters of direct-seeded coarse rice 29/07/2016 26 Muhammad et al 2006
- 27. Priming with hormones and other organic sources • Improved seed performance has been achieved by incorporating plant growth regulators, polyamines, and certain other organic sources during priming and other presowing treatments in rice • Both gibberellic acid and ethylene stimulate the elongation of mesocotyle, coleoptile, and internodes of rice seedlings after germination (Kim et al., 1989) • Combined effects of gibberellic acid, urea, naphthaleneacetic acid, etc. on hybrid rice revealed that the application of 200 g of naphthaleneacetic acid ha–1 resulted in the improved percentage of emerged panicles while incurring the lowest cost. (Deshpande et al., 2003) 29/07/2016 27
- 28. Osmotic and Hormonal Priming for Rice Growth and Yield Increase 29/07/2016 28
- 29. 29/07/2016 29 Effect of hormonal priming on tiller productivity percentage (TP), yield per panicle (YD/P) and yield per pot (YD) of MR219 rice Effect of osmotic priming on tiller productivity percentage (TP), sterile tiller percentage (ST), yield per panicle (YD/P) and yield per pot (YD) of MR219 rice Isiaka et al 2013 The hormone was not absorbed by the seeds; it only acted in the capacity to control the hydration of the seeds so that radicle protrusion would be prevented
- 30. Effect of seed priming on the some yield components in direct seeded rice 29/07/2016 30 REHMAN et al 2011
- 31. Humidification • Humidification is a presowing, controlled hydration treatment in which seeds are equilibrated under conditions of high humidity • In this technique, seeds are in direct contact with water vapor. • Aged seeds humidified at 60% relative humidity showed no effect on Germination rate or time to 50% germination. However, 80% relative humidity reduced the time to 50% germination and enhanced the germination percentage (Lee et al., 1998a). 29/07/2016 31
- 32. Thermal Treatments • The dry-heat treatment of seeds is used for 2 purposes 1.To control the external and internal seed-borne pathogens, including fungi, bacteria. 2.To break the dormancy of seeds • In general, high temperature in dry heat treatment reduces seed viability and seedling vigor, but optimum temperature for breaking dormancy promotes rice seed germination and seedling emergence • In a study on coarse and fine rice seeds, dry-heat treatment at 40◦C for 72 h shortened the time to 50% germination and improved germination index, radicle and plumule length, root length, root/shoot ratio, root fresh and dry weight, radicle and plumule growth rate, and shoot fresh weight in fine rice (Lee et al., 2002). 29/07/2016 32
- 33. 2. Seed coating treatments 33 i. Seed pelleting Seed pelleting: Pelleting is achieved by applying specially formulated layers of powders and binders to the seed to make it easier to handle. Is the mechanism of applying needed material in such a way that they influence the seed or seed-soil interface (Scott, 1989) Advantages of seed pelleting Increase in size, Singling of seeds, Precision planting, Attraction of moisture, Supply of growth regulators, Influence of micro-environment, Protection from birds, animals & insects 29/07/2016
- 34. 29/07/2016 34 Farmers need not wait for monsoon to start sowing under this method
- 35. 29/07/2016 35
- 36. Seed coating Substance applied to seed that does not obscure its shape. Ex:-fungicides, microbiological treatments and micronutrients Seed weight increases up to 10% Small amount of seed and seed enhancement material is needed, compare to broad casting. 29/07/2016 36
- 37. 37 III. Seed colouring Application of precise amount of dyes or pigments directly on to the seed to improve its brand identity and marketability e.g., Color AZURE • Dark seeds (Brassica, Cotton) - blue green • Pale seeds (Melon, Cucumber and PADDY ) - red, yellow, orange red, yellow, blue, green, black , purple and orange red, yellow, blue, green, black and orange red, blue, yellow, green, orange ,purple and gold 29/07/2016
- 38. To - Untreated (Control) T1 - Gouch @ 6ml/kg T2 - Captan + Thiram {1:1} @ 3 g /kg T3 - Captan + Thiram + Gouch T4 - Captan + Thiram + Gouch + Super red @ 1 ml/kg Containers C1- Cloth bag C2- Polythene bag (700- gauge) Polymers P1 - Polykote TM Compton P2 - Littles Polykote. W. Yellow Germination (%) as influenced by containers, polymers and chemical treatments during storage in Rice hybrid KRH-2 KRH-2 Rame Gowda et al,200729/07/2016 38
- 39. Germination (%) as influenced by containers, polymers and chemical treatments during storage in Rice hybrid KRH-2 29/07/2016 39 Rame Gowda et al,2007 The rate of seed deterioration could be slowed down either by storing the seeds under controlled conditions or by imposing certain treatments. Seed coating with polymers is one such pre-storage treatment that can be used either singly or in combination with other pesticides
- 40. 40 IV. Seed encrustation Similar to pelleting but the shape of the seed does not change much, but quite a bit of weight is added to the seed. Add weight to the seed, but also fill in the relatively large depressions in the seed, making a smoother seed surface which is more easily handled by most planters. Encrustation (i.e., minipelleting) means application of inert material in such a way that the original seed shape is still(more or less) visible. Encrusted Sweet corn 29/07/2016
- 41. 41 Plants are complex multicellular organisms considered as sensitive as humans for initial assaying of effects and testing new therapies (Benford, 2002; Dossey, 2001; Kristen, 1997) Sound is known to affect the growth of plants. Seeds are sometimes treated with ultrasound to help start the germination process (Shors et al., 1999; Weinberger and Burton, 1981) 29/07/2016
- 42. 42 Effects of Ultrasound on the Seed Germination and Yield and Quality of Rice Tang et al., 2010 Variety Treat Effective panicle per plot No. of spikelets Seed setting (%) Grain weight(g) Yield kg / plot Peizataifeng (v1) Control 17.2a 3589.6a 61.0a 23.1a 535a 20kHz 18.1ab 3511.4a 63.5b 23.3a 555ab 40kHz 18.7b 3971.9b 66.4a 23.0a 582b Guixiangzhan (v2) Control 17.3a 1920.3a 78.2a 26.6a 398a 20kHz 18.1ab 2427.2b 76.8a 26.4a 412a 40kHz 18.5b 2264.5b 83.3a 26.2a 440b 29/07/2016 Increased reactivity of biological substances in the seeds under the influence of ultrasound Rice yield improvement was attributed to the increase of its available panicles and its grains of unit area after ultrasound treating.
- 43. OZONE TECHNOLOGY OF PRESOWING SEED TREATMENT Recently developed by scientists from NSC Plant Production Institute in Kharkov. 4329/07/2016
- 44. In the NSC KIPT a new ozone generators with barrier less electrode system and high voltage pulsed power supply have been developed. The barrier less ozone generators have a high reliability due to elimination of the dielectric barrier from this charge gap. Advantages : 1. Increase of crop capacity on 10-15% 2. Improved quality of grain 3. reduction of dosage of chemicals by 24 times 4. Environmentally friendly technology exclude the harmful impact on environment 4429/07/2016
- 45. Seed bio-priming • Bio-priming is a process of biological seed treatment that refers combination of seed hydration (physiological aspect of disease control) and inoculation (biological aspect of disease control) of seed with beneficial organism to protect seed. • It is an ecological approach using selected fungal antagonists against the soil and seed-borne pathogens. Biological seed treatments may provide an alternative to chemical control 29/07/2016 45
- 47. Procedure of seed Biopriming • Pre-soak the seeds in water for 12 hours. • Mix the formulated product of bioagent (Trichoderma harzianum and/or Pseudomonas fluorescens) with the pre-soaked seeds at the rate of 10 g per kg seed. • Put the treated seeds as a heap. • Cover the heap with a moist jute sack to maintain high humidity. • Incubate the seeds under high humidity for about 48 h at approx. 25 to 32°C. • Bioagent adhered to the seed grows on the seed surface under moist condition to form a protective layer all around the seed coat. • Sow the seeds in nursery bed. • The seeds thus bioprimed with the bioagent provide protection against seed and soil borne plant pathogens, improved germination and seedling growth 29/07/2016 47 Source :http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org
- 48. Rice Seed Treatment Microbes (Agents of Bio-priming) 29/07/2016 48 S. No % Active Ingredient(s) Rate Additional Information 1. Trichoderma harzianum/ T. viride/ T. virens 5 - 10 g/kg of seed. To control various seed, soil and seedling diseases, especially effective againstRhizoctonia solani, Pythium seed rot and damping- off and Helminthosporium oryzaecontrol. For use as a commercial seed treatment. 2. Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 - 10 g/kg of seed To control various seed, soil and seedling diseases. 3. Mixed formulation ofTrichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens 5 - 10 g/kg of seed To control various seed, soil and seedling diseases. Source :http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org
- 49. Effect of seed bio priming on yield parameters of paddy cv. Jaya 29/07/2016 49 Amrutha et al 2016
- 50. Effect of Trichoderma and fungicide on number of seedlings and tillers of dry direct seeded Boro rice in 2012 29/07/2016 50 Trichoderma harzanium has the ability to solubilize P, Mn and Zn and extract insoluble nutrients from soil which contributed to the growth promoting effects on crops Rahman et al 2015
- 51. Variety Treatment Germinat ion (%) Seedlin g length (cm) Shoot height(cm) Root length(cm) Number of root per plant Shoot dry weight Jiayu 948 Dry Seed 74.5 13.58 7.48b 6.10b 8.75b 2.99b Soaked 70.5 11.93 6.70c 5.23c 8.00b 2.25c Sand 84.0 16.13 8.60a 7.53a 10.00a 3.24a Zhongzu Dry Seed 71.0 15.15 8.00b 7.15b 9.50b 3.27b Soaked 65.0 15.05 7.20b 6.30c 8.75b 3.35b Sand 83.0 18.50 9.58a 7.75a 10.75a 3.61a Zhenong Dry Seed 79.0 13.70 6.85b 6.85b 8.25b 3.37a Soaked 74.0 13.50 6.63b 5.70c 7.75b 3.41a Sand 88.0 17.33 8.65a 7.90a 9.25a 3.45a Presowing seed hydration treatment enhances the cold tolerance of direct sown seed Zhang, et al. (2006)29/07/2016 51
- 52. variety Treated (Agent:seed ) Germinabi lity(%) Seedling height(cm) Root length(cm) Fresh weight(g) Dry weight(g) BSCR 1:10 77.77c 12.23cd 5.50c 2.97ab 0.50ab 1:20 80.00bc 12.87b 5.80bc 2.90ab 0.49ab 1:40 84.17a 13.77a 6.77a 3.13a 0.51a 1:60 81.40bc 12.43bc 6.23b 2.93ab 0.49ab CK 0 79.73bc 11.77d 5.87bc 2.80b 0.48b TSCR 1:10 77.47b 11.23c 5.10b 2.73a 0.45a 1:20 79.12ab 11.90b 5.33ab 2.77a 0.46a 1:40 80.57a 12.50a 5.77a 2.90a 0.46a 1:60 8o.83a 12.00a 5.50ab 2.73a 0.46a CK 0 81.40a 11.70bc 5.77a 2.83a 0.48a Effect of organic seed coating on germination and growth of rice zeng and shi.,200829/07/2016 52 BSCR-glutamic acid, sodium -naphthaleneacetic, gibberellin, trace fertilizer and methylene blue TSCR-Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium moniliforme, 18% thiram/carbofuran/prochloraz
- 53. Seed Dormancy A number of different treatments are used both to break dormancy and improve seed establishment. Higher temperature. Seeds are exposed to higher temperatures, 40°C – 42°C, for 1-2 days prior to sowing. Seed priming increases the rate of seedling establishment. The seeds are soaked for 4-8 hours and then re-dried prior to sowing. Primed seeds can be sown through a mechanical seed drill but must be sown within 1-2 days after priming. Pre-germination where the seeds are soaked for between 24-48 hours then dried for 24 hours before sowing. Pre-germinated seeds have the radicle (root) protruding and can not be sown through a seeder. 29/07/2016 53
- 55. 3 billion people worldwide suffer micronutrients deficiency 2.5 billion world population suffer from Zinc deficiency 1.6 billion population suffer from Iron deficiency 1 billion people reside in iodine deficient regions 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency Malnutrition accounts ~30 million death/year Malnutrition Problem Source : WHO, 2012 29/07/2016 55
- 56. India is one of the countries having problem of malnutrition More than 50% of women, 46% of children below 3 years are underweight and 38% are stunted As per India state hunger index, all the states are with serious to alarming indices with M.P. most alarming. In India Source : World Bank29/07/2016 56
- 57. Food availability is not a problem, nor it like to be…. More important is what kind of food will be available - Nutritious crops - Biofortified crops – staple crops breed for additional micronutrients How can we Nourish 1.2 Billion People 29/07/2016 57
- 58. Need for Bio-fortification Major cause of seeing disorders xeropthalmia to keratomalacia 124 million children affected worldwide 1 to 2 million deaths per year among children Prevalent in South and SE Asia where rice is a major food staple Night blindness is common among pregnant women Lactation deficiencies 29/07/2016 58
- 59. Bio-fortification: Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means “make strong”. Bio-fortification: •Biofortification is a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value •Bio-fortification refers to increasing genetically the bio-available mineral content of food crops (Brinch-Pederson et al., 2007). •Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed. What is Bio-Fortification 29/07/2016 59
- 60. Some points present here to clearly identified role of crop bio fortification ……. To overcome the mal-nutritions in human beings To increment of nutritional quality in daily diets To improvement of plant or crop quality and increment of variability in germplasm Biofortification for important crop plants through biotechnological applications is a cost-effective and sustainable solution for alleviating VAD, etc.,. Importance of crop Biofortification 29/07/2016 60
- 61. Mile Stones • Selection of daffodils • Transformation and regeneration protocols (Winn 1996) • Transformants with phytoene (Burkhardt et al. 1997) • Agrobacterium based transformation system for many genes (Ye et al. 2000) Golden Rice (Potrykus et al 2000) 29/07/2016 61
- 62. India Biofortification Indian Parliament recenttly has passed a budget which includes $15 million for biofortification (DBT) for rice, wheat and maize over five years. Crop leaders appointed for each crops; traget nutrients are iron, zinc and vitamin A. Joint meetings held every years MOU has been signed Source : MoA, Govt. of India29/07/2016 62
- 63. The Golden Rice Solution IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate) Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) Phytoene Lycopene -carotene (vitamin A precursor) Phytoene synthase Phytoene desaturase Lycopene-beta-cyclase ξ-carotene desaturase Daffodil gene Single bacterial gene; performs both functions Daffodil gene -Carotene Pathway Genes Added Vitamin A Pathway is complete and functional Golden Rice 29/07/2016 63
- 64. Addition of 2 genes in rice genome will complete the biosynthetic pathway: 1. Phytoene synthase (psy): derived from daffodils (Narcissus pseudonarcissus). Psy is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenioids. It catalyzes the conversion of GGPP to phytoene. 2. Lycopene cyclase (crt1)- isolated from soil bacteria Erwina uredovora. 3. Produce enzymes and catalysts for the synthesis of carotenoids in the endosperm of rice. How Does It Work? 29/07/2016 64
- 65. Daffodils Gene transfer Golden Rice Erwinia uredovora Gene Sources 29/07/2016 65
- 66. Who Began the Golden Rice Project? • Started in 1982 by Ingo Potrykus-Professor emeritus of the Institute for Plant Sciences,Switerland • Peter Beyer-Professor of Centre for Applied Biosciences, Uni. Of Freiburg, Germany • Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and Syngenta, a crop protection company. 29/07/2016 66
- 67. How gene is introduced into rice: 29/07/2016 67
- 68. Interesting fact about golden rice: • The yellow colour of golden rice is due to the presence of β- carotenoid. • In one transgenic line, the β-carotene content was as high as 85% of the total carotenoid present in the grain. 29/07/2016 68
- 69. Golden Rice 2 • In 2005, a team of researchers at biotechnology company, Syngenta, produced a variety of golden rice called "Golden Rice 2". They combined the phytoene synthase gene from maize with crt1 from the original golden rice. Golden rice 2 produces 23 times more carotenoids than golden rice (up to 37 µg/g) 29/07/2016 69
- 71. Disadvantages: Health: • May cause allergies or fail to perform desired effect. • Supply does not provide a substantial quantity as the recommended daily intake. Environment: • Loss of Biodiversity. May become a gregarious weed and endangers the existence of natural rice plants. • Genetic contamination of natural, global staple food. Culture: • Some people prefer to cultivate and eat only white rice based on traditional values and spiritual benefits. 29/07/2016 71
- 72. Controversies • On August 8, 2013 an experimental plot of golden rice being grown in the Philippines was uprooted by protesters.Mark Lynas, a famous former anti-GMO activist, 29/07/2016 72
- 73. Controversies In many parts of the world including India there was protest against the Golden Rice. 29/07/2016 73
- 74. Storage life after priming, is an important consideration for utilization of this technology in commercial practice. For priming to be of any practical use, primed seeds must be dried back to their original moisture content and then stored before sowing. Drying may reduce some of the benefits gained by priming. Hence, methodologies are to be worked out to prolong the shelf life of primed seeds for commercial exploitation. However, the information pertaining to this aspect is very scanty. Gaps in seed priming research 29/07/201674
- 75. Suitable markers (protein markers) as an indictors for optimum or over priming will be identified to correlate the same with the storability of the primed seeds Compatibility of two or more chemicals while using together for obtaining maximum benefits from primed seed, will be tested. In-depth studies to identify biochemical and molecular changes in primed seeds will be conducted. The effect of priming on fresh (high vigour) and aged (low vigour seeds) will be compared 29/07/201675
- 76. Determination of critical moisture content and duration to achieve maximum benefit from priming in seeds of different chemical constituents To identify suitable markers for optimum priming. To identify suitable markers to detect over-priming. To differentiate the processes responsible for invigoration and control of ageing. To standardize a method for prolonged storage of primed seed , which can also be useful for storing recalcitrant seeds To develop pre-germinated and designer seeds To standardize suitable starter solutions Future areas to be researched: 29/07/201676
- 77. Conclusion • Priming benefits, especially for seedling establishment under less than optimal conditions. • Seed longevity of primed lots is negatively affected (% RH of = 80 or less, rather than 100%) • Priming alone does not improve percent useable plants; removal of weak, dead seeds also needed. 29/07/2016 77
- 78. Contd.. Bio-priming can provide a high level of protection against seed and soil born diseases which can be almost equal or even superior to the chemical treatment So farmers should be encouraged for adopting it which helps in safe production & increase in yield with minimal environment & health hazards Golden rice is the solution to overcome the mal- nutritions in human beings ( developing countries & under developed )29/07/2016 78
- 79. 29/07/2016 79