Seerat nabawiyya

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SeeratSeerat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya

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A Hadith
The Prophet (pbuh) said,
“Do you know who is the most miserly and stingy person?”
The Sahaba replied saying, “Allah and his Prophet know best.”
So The Prophet (pbuh) replied,
“The most stingy and the most miserly person
is the one who when my name is mentioned
does not send the salawat upon me.”
(saying May Allah’s peace and blessings be upon him)

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Acknowledgements
Data and information in this presentation taken principally from
 Al Raheeq Al Makhtoom (Revised Edition) by Safiur Rahman
Al Mubarakpuri
With additional input from
 Mohammad Rasulullah (s), 3rd
Edition, by Maulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi
 Nobel life of Hazrat Muhammad (s) by Mohammad Abdul Hai
 CD’s on Seerat un Nabi (s) by Sheikh Muhammad Khair Muhammad Hijazi,
Mudarris, Masjid Al Haraam; Mecca

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Contents withth HyperlinksHyperlinks
Introduction (The Arabs)
Birth to Prophethood
The Meccan Stage
The Madinian Period : Stage 1
Conclusion

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SeeratSeerat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
Introduction
(The Arabs)

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Introduction
The Arabs
 The etymology of the term Arab is closely linked to that of the place name
“Arabia“
 An approximate translation is "passerby“ or “nomad". Will Durant, in The Age of
Faith, said that Arab meant “arid”
 Arabian peninsula is a desert and has been inaccessible to invaders thus
allowing its people complete liberty and independence through out the ages.
 Its strategic location caused it to be the center of the Old World.
 It had links with most nations hence it became a center for trade, culture, religion
and art.

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Introduction
Arabia
 The Arabian Peninsula :
( , jazīrat al-arab) is in Southwest
Asia at the confluence of Africa,
Europe and Asia
 The peninsula is enclosed by on the
west the Red Sea and the Gulf of
Aqaba, on the southeast the
Arabian Sea, and on the northeast,
the Gulf of Oman, the Strait of
Hormuz, and the Persian Gulf.
 It has 5 divisions viz Hijaz, Tihama,
Najd, Yemen and Aruz
 Total area = 1 – 1.3 million square
miles

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Introduction
Arab Lineages
Arab historians and genealogists categorise Arabs into three groups:
 The Ancient or Extinct Arabs (al Arab al baidah) : tribes that have perished,
such as Jadis, Imlaq, Tasam, 'Ad and Thamud (mentioned in the Quran as
examples of God's power to destroy wicked people). These are the ancients of
whose history little is known.
 Pure or Arabian Arabs (al Arab al A’ribah) of South Arabia, allegedly
originated from the progeny of Ya‘rub bin Yashjub bin Qahtan bin Hud and were
also called Qahtanian Arabs. The Qahtanites migrated from Yemen due to the
flood following the destruction of the Ma'rib Dam (sadd Ma'rib).
 Arabicized or Neo Arabs (al Arab musta`ribah) of central and North Arabia,
descending from Adnan, a descendent of Ismail (as). They are also called
Adnani Arabs.
All contemporary Arabs are either Qahtanites or Adnani

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Introduction
The Arabicized Arabs
 They go back in ancestery to Hazrat Ibrahim (as) from a town called Ar near
Kufah in Iraq
 Hazrat Ibrahim (p) left Ar for Harran, Palestine which he made headquarters for
his message. He wandered in this area.
 The Pharaoh of Egypt had been humbled in an encounter with Sarah and had
given his daughter Hajirah for her service.
 Sarah gave Hajirah to Hazrat Ibrahim (as) as wife and Hazrat Ismail (as) was
born in Palestine
 Sarah’s jealousy led Hajirah and Ismail (as) to be sent to the dry and barren
valley of Mecca where the appearance of ZamZam followed.

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Introduction
The Arabicized Arabs
 A Yemeni tribe, Jurhum, settled in Mecca with Hajirah’s permission.
 Hajirah and her son retained rights to the ZamZam.
 Ismail (as) learned Arabic from the Jurhum and married the daughter of their
chief, Mudad bin Amr. 12 sons were born.
 On Hazrat Ibrahim’s third visit, the Kaaba was built with Ismail (as) helping and
people were called to pilgrimage.
 Descendents of Qidar, a son of Ismail (as), inhabited Mecca. One of them was
Adnan to whom the Adnanian (Neo or Arabicized) Arabs trace their ancestry.
 Genealogists further divide the Adnanites into 2 subgroups, the Rabia and the
Mudar.

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Introduction
The Quraish
 It was a branch of the Kinana, which descended from the Khuzaimah, which
descended from Elias bin Mudar, who descended from Adnan.
 Qusai bin Kilab, a Quraish, by war and diplomacy assembled an alliance that
delivered to him the possession of the Kaaba.
 He then gathered his fellow tribesmen to settle at Mecca, where he enjoyed such
adulation from his kin that they adjudged him their de facto king.
 The Quraish essentially ruled Mecca upon the appearance of Islam. The tribe
had split into different clans, each with different responsibilities
 It was the tribe to which Prophet Muhammad (p) belonged, as well as the tribe
that led the initial opposition to his message.

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Introduction
The Quraish
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said:
"Allah selected Ishmael from the sons of Abraham, Kinana from the sons of
Ishmael, Quraish from the sons of Kinana, Hashim from the sons of Quraish and
He selected me from the sons of Hashim."
(Muslim 2/245; Tirmidhi 2/201)
Al Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib quoted the Messenger of Allâh (pbuh) as saying:
"Allâh created mankind and chose me from the best whereof, He chose the tribes
and selected me from the best whereof; and He chose families and selected me
from the best whereof. I am the very best in person and family."
(Tirmidhi 2/201)

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Introduction
Rule in Mecca
 Ismail (as) administered authority over Mecca and was custodian of the Kaaba
all his life until his demise at age 137.
 Succeeded by 2 of his sons but ultimately the Jurhum took over rule of Mecca
and Ismail’s sons held only a sacred status.
 Jurhum, after 20 centuries, were defeated by the Khuza’ah tribe.
 Jurhum fled to Yemen after sealing and filling up the well of Zamzam and
burying treasures in it.
 Khuza’ah ruled Mecca for 300 years and descendents of Ismail (as) given no
privileges over Mecca or the Kaaba until Qusai bin Kilab, a Quraish, regained
control.
 Qusai settled the Quraish in Mecca and gave them power and allotted them
duties which were hereditary offices
( eg Hashim given the responsibility of Saqaya ie watering and feeding the pilgrims )

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Introduction
PreIslamic Religion
 Arabs followed Abrahamic faith until a chief of Khuza’ah, Amr bin Luhai, brought
an idol (Hubal) from Syria and placed it in the Kaaba
 Idolatory spread and became the most prominent feature of the religion of
preIslam Arabs despite profession of Abrahamic religion.
 Abrahamism diluted by paganism. The very few who were practicing the true
Abrahamic fath (the Hanif).
 Superstitious belief in omens, astrologers, diviners rampant.
 The pilgrimage was commercialised and more of a large fair and became a
source of revenue of Mecca.
 Tawaf of the Kaaba could be performed without clothes.

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Introduction
PreIslamic Religion
 Arabs believed in a supreme deity Allah (literally "the god") who was remote
from everyday concerns and not the object of cult or ritual.
 3 goddesses were associated with Allah as his daughters: al-Lat, Manat and al-
Uzza.
 360 idols of different tribes had “pride of place” in and around the Kaaba.
 Some monotheistic communities also existed in Arabia eg Christians and Jews
 Rabbis were ungodly, corrupt and power hungry. Christianity too was diluted by
pagan rites and dogma.
 Sabianism, Magianism also popular.
 Some Christians and Jews had also migrated to some parts of Arabia.

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Introduction
PreIslamic Religion
 The Jews migrated to Arabia (sp Yemen, Yathrib, Khaibar & Taima) from
Palestine twice. (In 587 BC due to invasion by Bukhtnassar and again due to
Roman occupation in 70 CE)
 Some Christian sects had migrated to Najran when harassed by Byzantine
emperors
 Yusuf Dhu Nawas, the last Himyarite king in Yemen burnt many Najranite
Christians in trenches after they refused to accept Judaism (523 CE).
 This enraged the Christians and the Roman Emperor instigates his Abyssinian
allies against the Arabs.
 Abyssinian Christian forces under Abraha al Ashram conquered Yemen in 525
CE and Eriat made Governor.
 Eriat assassinated by Abraha, who after reconciliation with the Negus took
rulership over Yemen.
.

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Introduction
PreIslamic Religion
 Abraha built an imposing cathedral called Al Qullays in San’a to rival Kaaba and
divert pilgrims in order to propogate Christianity in Arabia.
 Abraha’s attempt to demolish the Kaaba ends in disaster in the Muhassir valley
(between Mina and Muzdalifa) due to Divine succor. (Event of the Elephant)
 In 575 CE, Abyssinian invaders were overthrown by the Himyarites with Persian
assistance.
 The Himyarite king was later assassinated by his Abyssinian servants.
 Kisra, the Persian King, appointed a Persian ruler over San’a and thus made
Yemen a Persian colony.
 Persian rule continued until Badhan, the last of them, embraced Islam in 638
CE.

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Introduction
Repercussions of Abraha’s Failure
 Allah turned back the Abyssinians from Mecca crushed and humbled
 Arabs looked up to the Quraish, ‘the people of God’, with great respect
 Esteem of people for the Kaaba increased, strengthening their conviction in it’s
sanctity
 The event indicated that the honor of the Kaaba was to rise
 The Arabs attached great importance to this miraculous event
 A new calendar instituted from the date of its occurrence
 It was known henceforth as the ‘Year of the Elephant’ and it occurred in
Moharram (571AD) 50- 55 days before the birth of the Prophet (pbuh)

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Introduction
PreIslamic Society (virtues)
 Arabs competed with each other in hospitality and generosity.
 Keen sense of honor and self respect
 A promise was binding
 Courage, firm will and determination were seen as admirable traits
 Forbearance, perseverance and mildness of manner held in high regard
 Truthfulness, honesty and detachment from intrigue and treachery was in their
nature.

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Introduction
PreIslamic Society (evils)
 Ignorant and superstitious society
 Intertribal relations fragile
 Tribal wars and blood feuds common and continual (except in holy months-
Moharram, Rajab, Dhul Qadah and Dhul Hijjah)
 Greed, plunder, drinking and gambling common
 Woman was a marketable commodity
 Prostitution and adultery widespread and common
 Polyandry and female infanticide acceptable

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Introduction
PreIslamic Economic Situation
 Trade was the most common means of providing for their needs.
 Trade journeys possible mostly during the sacred months because of fragile
peace between tribes.
 Knitting and tanning done in Yemen
 Farming and livestock was an active industry
 Women were good at yarn spinning
 The economy was very commonly ruined by wars
Poverty, hunger and insufficient clothing
were the prevailing economic features in Arabia.

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Introduction
Mecca – The Heart of Arabia
 By middle of the 5th
century, Mecca was an urban civilisation inhabited by
Quraish and their confederate clans
 Ruled by a confederacy of self governing clans established by Qusai b Kilab
 He allocated areas for settlement of different families of Quraish in Mecca.
 Ahabish or desert Arabs lived around Mecca.
 Meccan Arabic was considered the best and the Meccans considered to be the
best representatives of the Arab race.
 Mecca was the chief center of big business in Arabia and Meccans owned a
large number of slaves
 It was the center of idolatory in Arabia.
 Al Uzza was venerated by the Meccans and every house had its own idol also.

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SeeratSeerat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
From Birth to
Prophethood

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Birth
Lineage
 The Holy Prophet (p) traced his genealogy as follows
Prophet Muhammad (p) was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish.
He was the son of Abd Allah, son of Abd al-Muttalib (Shaiba) son of Hashim
(Amr) ibn Abd Manaf (al-Mughira) son of Qusai (Zaid) ibn Kilab ibn Murra son of
Ka'b ibn Lu'ay son of Ghalib ibn Fahr (Quraysh) son of Malik ibn an-Nadr (Qais)
the son of Kinana son of Khuzaimah son of Mudrikah (Amir) son of Ilyas son of
Mudar son of Nizar son of Ma'ad ibn Adnan, whom the northern Arabs believe to
be their common ancestor.
 The family of the Prophet (p) is called the Hashemite family after Hashim bin
Abd Manaf, his great grandfather
 Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather, was credited with discovering the lost well of
ZamZam and was Chief of Mecca when the event of the Elephant occurred.
- His vow to sacrifice a son for finding ZamZam (Abdullah, chosen by lot)
was opposed and 100 camels sacrificed instead

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Birth
Parentage
 Abd al- Muttalib, Chieftain of the Quraish, had 10 sons of whom Abdullah was
noblest and most prominent
- Abd al- Muttalib wedded him to Amina bint Wahb bin Abdu Manaf, daughter
of the chief of Bani Zuhra.
 The Prophet (pbuh) was born on Monday morning, 12 Rabi ul Awwal in the
year of the Elephant (20th
April 571 AD) into the clan of Banu Hashim in
Mecca
 The Prophet’s father, Abdullah, had died in Medina while returning from a trade
journey to Syria, almost 6 months before he was born
- He left behind very little wealth.
 Abd al- Muttalib, the grandfather, gave him the unfamiliar name Muhammad (He
who is praised )

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Childhood
Nurses
 Thuwaybah, a bondswoman of the Prophet’s uncle Abu Lahab suckled him for a
few days after initial nursing by mother.
 As per Meccan custom, the baby was sent to live with a Bedouin family in the
desert where he was wetnursed by Halimah Sadiya of the Banu S’ad.
- after weaning at age 2 years the child was returned to its mother.
- Halimah begged Aminah to be allowed to keep the child for some more time as it
had brought them good fortune. Permission was granted.
 The Prophet (p) tended lambs with his foster brothers in the desert and learned the
chaste and classical Arabic of the Banu S’ad.
- The Prophet (p) is seized by 2 angels and his heart opened and purified.
- the worried foster parents return the child to its mother in Mecca.
 Shortly after he was returned at the age of 6, the Prophet (p) lost his mother to
illness during a a return journey from Yathrib at a place called Abwa.

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Childhood
Guardians
 He (p) was subsequently brought up with great affection for 2 years under the
guardianship of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib.
- when he was eight, his grandfather also passed away.
 The Prophet (p) now came under the care of his uncle Abu Talib, the new leader
of the Banu Hasim.
- brought up with the greatest love and treated with more affection than Abu
Talib’s own sons (Ali, Jafar, Aqil)
 At age 9 the Prophet (p) accompanied Abu Talib to Syria.
- at Basra, Bahira, a Christian monk recognizes the distinct signs in the child.
- warns Abu Talib about the danger to the Prophet (p) from the Jews and
advises the Prophets (p) immediate return to Mecca.

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Youth
Important Events
 When the Prophet (p) was14 or15, the sacrilegious war, known as the Harb-ul-
Fijar, broke out between the Quraish and the tribe of Qays.
- this was his first experience of military operations (although his role was only
picking up enemy arrows and handing them to his uncles)
 It was after this period that the Quraish came to agree upon one of the noblest
covenants made in which the Prophet (p) played an important part.
 They formed a pact, in the name of Allah, for repression of acts of lawlessness
and restoration of justice to the weak and the oppressed within the walls of
Mecca irrespective of tribe. (Hilful Fudul)
- The Prophet (p) had been a prominent mover of the pact and always made it a
point to express his satisfaction over the execution of its agreement.

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Adulthood
Important Events
 Since early youth, the Prophet (p) was known for his gentle disposition and
purity of life as well as for his candidness, honesty, intelligence and integrity.
- He was kind, compassionate, hospitable and obliging.
- His was the straight and narrow path and none could find the slightest fault
with him.
- His conduct and honorable bearing won for him, in the pinnacle of his youth,
the title of Al-Amin (The Trustworthy).
 Allah kept His Prophet (p) away from the vices and pleasures of Meccan life.
- He (p) shunned idolatry, it’s festivals and superstitious practices.
 The Prophet (p) in his youth worked as a shepherd for Bani Sa’d and in Mecca.

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Adulthood
Marriage
 At the age of 25 he went to Syria as a merchant for a rich widow, Khadija,
daughter of Khuwailid.
- the trip was very profitable and Khadija was informed of the unique traits of the
Prophet (p) by her servant Maisarah.
 Khadija conveys her desire to marry the Prophet (p) through her friend Nafisah.
- the marriage, witnessed by Bani Hashim and heads of Mudar, takes place.
 Khadija (ra) was the Prophets (p) first wife and bore all his children except
Ibrahim. (Al Qasim, Zainab, Ruqaiah, Umm Kulthum, Fatimah and Abdullah)
- all the sons died in childhood and all the daughters embraced Islam,
migrated to Madina and died in his lifetime except Fatima (ra) who
died 6 months after the Prophet (p).

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Adulthood
Important Events
 In his 35th
year, the Prophet’s (p) sagacity about placing the Black Stone after
reconstruction of the Kaaba averts bloodshed.
 On approaching his 40th
year the Prophet (p) started feeling a mystifying internal
unrest.
- He (p) grew agitated and restless at the corruption and emptiness around him.
Seclusion and solitude became dear to him.
- He (p) took to wandering through the countryside far from Mecca lost in
introspection.
- The Apostle (p) preferred the solitude of the Cave of Hira in Mount Noor,
near Mecca.
 He spent the time in vigil and prayer in the manner he thought resembling the
way of the Prophet Ibrahim (p).

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Adulthood
Dawn of Prophethood
 The Prophet’s (p) meditative temperament widened the mental gap between him
and his compatriots.
- He (p) devoted most of his time, sp Ramadan, to worship and meditation.
 In his 40th
year, signs of Prophethood began to appear viz stones would greet
him, dreams always coming true. These continued for 6 months.
 21st
Ramadan at night (Monday, August 10th
, 610 CE) Gabriel brings down the
first revelation.
- The Prophet (p) made to repeat verses of surah Al Alaq (surah 96, 1- 5)
- The Prophet (p) returns trembling with fear and is comforted by Khadija (ra)
- Waraqa bin Nawfal predicts Prophethood, persecution and migration.

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Quran
Surah al Alaq (96:1 - 5)
Read: In the name of thy Lord
Who createth,
Createth man from a clot
Read: And thy (your) Lord is
the Most Bounteous,
Who teacheth by the pen,
Teacheth man that
which he knew not.

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Adulthood
Dawn of Prophethood
 Waraqah died and the Revelation paused for a few days (to relieve any fear and
to increase the Prophets (p) longing for them)
- The Prophet (p) was left depressed, bewildered and confused.
- In times of intense despair he would even try to throw himself off a high
mountaintop.
- Gabriel would then appear and reassure him that he was indeed a Prophet (p)
and neither possessed nor bewitched nor of unsound mind.
 After the initial pause, the second Revelation comes (Surah al Muddassir :1-5)
 The Revelations start coming strongly, frequently and regularly thereafter.

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Quran
Surah al Mudassir (74:1 - 7)
O thou enveloped in thy cloak,
Arise and warn !
Thy (your) Lord magnify,
Thy raiment purify,
Pollution shun!
And show not favour, seeking wordly gain!
For the sake of thy Lord, be patient !

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Prophethood
Two periods
 The Period of Prophethood can be divided into 2 main periods viz
1. The Meccan Period : approximately 13 years and divided into 3 phases
The Phase of Secret Invitation : lasted 3 years
The Phase of Public Invitation : lasted from the start of the 4th year till
migration to Madina.
The Phase of Invitation outside Mecca : from end of 10th
year of Prophethood
through Madinian period until the end
of the Prophet’s life.
2. The Madinian Period : lasting approximately 10 years

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SiratSirat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
The
Meccan Period

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Meccan Period
Phase of Secret Invitation
 Mecca was the religious center for the Arabs and home to the custodians of the
Kaaba.
- protection of the idols was in hands of the Meccans.
 Thus, the initial call to Islam assumed a limited form and was covert.
 The early converts were those closely related with the Prophet (p).
- Khadija (ra), Mother of the Believers, was the first convert
- Zaid bin Harithah, the Prophet’s (p) freed slave & adopted son & Ali bin Abu
Talib (ra), aged 10 years, the Prophet’s cousin, who had been living with the
Prophet (p) since early childhood were next.
- Abdallah bin Abu Quhafah, known as Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (ra), the Prophet’s
close friend also professed Islam on the very first day of the call.
 He purchased and freed many believing slaves who were being tortured by their
masters.

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Phase of Secret Invitation
Early Converts
 Abu Bakr (ra) was an energetic, persuasive and zealous activist.
- honest, knowledgeable and wealthy, he converted many of his close friends eg
Uthman bin Affan (ra), Abdur Rahman bin Auf (ra), Zubair bin Awwam (ra),
Sa’d bin Abi Waqas (ra), Talha bin Ubaidullah (ra).
 The new converts belonged to various clans of the Quraish and Bilal bin Rabah
(ra), was an Abyssinian slave.
 The Prophet (p) used to meet and teach the new converts the religion in privacy
and on an individual basis.
- the Revelations focused on purification of soul, Heaven and Hell, deceptions of
life and guided the converts away from the ill practices of Mecca.
- the order for Salat was not among the early revelations.
 The news of the Call did leak to the Quraish but they paid little attention to it
because it was not attacking their religion nor speaking about their gods.

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Meccan Period
Phase of Public Invitation
 The Prophet (p) next called his kinsmen of Bani Hisham with a group of Bani
Muttalib to Islam.
- Abu Lahab lashes out at the Prophet (p) but Abu Talib extends his support
and protection.
 The Prophet (p) next, addresses the people of Mecca from Mount Safa and Abu
Lahab again speaks out in contempt.
 The Prophet (p) begins to invite to Islam at the gatherings and assemblies of the
idolaters.
 Starts worshipping Allah and praying aloud in the Ka’aba for all to see and
speaks out against superstitious practices.
- conversions increase and lead to enmity between converts and their relatives.
 After a few months of open proclamation, the season of pilgrimage nears and an
advisory council held to decide how to hinder pilgrims from the Prophets (p) call.

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Persecution
 The Prophet (p) is accused of being a powerful magician capable of severing
ties of kith and kin.
 The Prophet (p) proceeds to invite the pilgrims to Islam while Abu Lahab persists
with his smear campaign.
 The Prophet (p) and specially the new converts derided, taunted and insulted
everywhere they go.
 At the start of the 4th
year of the Call, the Quraish resort to persecution and
torture.
- Bilal (ra) slave of Umayah bin Khalaf severely tortured. Khabbab bin Al Aratt, a
slave was another easy target. Uthman (ra) tortured by his uncle.
- Ammar bin Yasir (ra) and his parents repeatedly tortured. Yasir (ra) martyred
and Sumaiyah (ra) bayoneted to death by Abu Jahl (the first martyrs)
- male and female converts tortured savagely. Abu Bakr (ra) buys and frees
many believing slaves being tortured by their masters.

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Atrocities against the Prophet (p)
 The Prophet (p) spared because of his noble lineage, perfect character and
protection of Abu Talib.
 The Quraish approach and pressurize Abu Talib twice to stop the Prophet (p).
- Abu Talib continues his support despite the Prophet’s (p) refusal to stop.
 Abu Lahab and Umm Jamil bint Harb, his wife, start harmful deeds and increase
inhuman harassment of the Prophet (p) and is joined by other evil pagans.
 The Prophets (p) 2 daughters get divorced, neighbour’s harass the Prophet (p)
endlessly, womb of a sheep placed on him while he prayed.
 He (p) advises followers to conceal their conversion and meet secretly and avoid
open confrontations but himself preaches and prays openly.
- for safety of converts and in strategic interest of Islam, he takes Dar al Arqam,
the estate of Al Arqam Abul Arqam Al Makhzumi on As Safa, as a center to
meet followers in secret.

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1st
Migration to Abyssinia
 Persecution starts from late 4th
year of Prophethood and situation is intolerable
by middle of the 5th
year.
 The following verses are revealed (Surah az Zumar: 10)
Say: O My bondmen who believe! Observe your duty to your Lord.
For those who do good in this world there is good, and Allah's earth
is spacious. Verily the steadfast will be paid their wages without stint.
 In the 5th
year of Prophethood (Rajab), 12 men and 4 women permitted to
migrate and seek asylum in Abyssinia, where Ashamah, a just Christian ruled
(Negus).

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1st
 They are received warmly and accorded due hospitality.
 During Ramadan of the same year a gathering of Meccans in the Holy Sanctury
prostrate after the Prophet’s (p) recitation of Surah Najm (53: 62) :
Rather prostrate yourselves before Allah and serve Him.
 This incident was misreported in Abyssinia where the emigrants get the
impression that the Quraish have embraced Islam and they return to Mecca.
- on arrival and learning the truth (in Shawwal), some return to Abyssinia while
some enter Mecca secretly or openly under protection of a local notable.

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2nd
 The Meccans intensify their persecution of Muslims after learning of the
welcome accorded in Abyssinia.
 The Prophet (p) allows a second migration of 83 men and 19 women.
 Quraish dispatch Amr bin Al As and Abdullah bin Abi Rabiah with expensive gifts
to influence the Negus and his courtiers and get the refugees expelled and sent
back to Mecca.
 The Negus summons the Muslims to court and asks them to explain themselves
after the Meccan envoys poison his ears regarding Islam and the refugees.
- Jafar bin Abi Talib’s (ra) eloquent portrayal of Islam and Ignorance and
recitation of Surah Maryam overwhelms the Negus .
- the King returned the gifts and the Meccan envoys return empty handed.
 The Muslim emigrants lived in Abyssinia for many years until their return to
Madina.

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Notable Conversions
 Quraish intensify their persecution.
- Abu Lahab and Uqbah bin Abi Muit assault the Prophet (p)
 In the 6th
year of Prophethood, Abu Jahl injures the Prophet (p) near the Kaaba.
- a slave girl tells Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib who strikes Abu Jahal and declares
his conversion.
- after 3 days, conversion of Umar Al Khattab takes place which has a
tremendous impact.
 2 groups of converts led by Umar (ra) and Hamza (ra) pray openly in the Kaaba.

48
Notable Conversions
 Meccan tyranny and oppression lessens after these 2 conversions.
- Utbah bin Rabiah, a chief of the Quraish, tries to entice the Prophet (p) but
fails.
 The Heads of the Quraish challenge the Prophet (p) to perform miracles which
he refuses and leaves the assembly.
 Abu Jahl tries to kill the Prophet (p) during prayer but sees a fearful apparition
and flees.

49
Social Boycott
 On seeing the Prophet (p) resolute, the Quraish tried to strike a deal but are
turned down.
 The Quraish authorize Nadr bin Harith to consult the Jews of Yathrib.
- 3 questions asked as a test of Prophethood in response to which
Surah Al Kahf revealed.
 Abu Talib suspects a plot and exhorts Banu Hashim and Banu al Muttalib to
protect the Prophet (p). Only Abu Lahab refuses.
 The Quraish sign a pact and organize a general social boycott of the 2 clans
excluding Abu Lahab.
- for 3 years (Moharram of 7th
till 10th
year of Prophethood) the 2 clans
alongwith Abu Talib withdrew to a valley on the outskirts of Mecca
(She’b of Abu Talib)

50
Social Boycott
 No food supply during the siege and the sufferings were terrible.
 The Prophet (p) persisted with his public preaching and prayers in the Kaaba.
 The boycott ultimately created disagreement among the various Meccan factions
who were related to the 2 clans.
- in Moharram, 10th
year of Prophethood, the pact was broken and people
permitted to leave the She’b and return home.
 Abu Talib, in poor health, is visited by a delegation of Quraish who want to
negotiate mutual concessions and peaceful coexistence with the Prophet (p).
- no negotiations are possible .

51
Year of Grief
 In Rajab, the 10th
year of Prophethood, 6 months after leaving the confinement at
Ash She’b, Abu Talib passed away without accepting Islam.
 In Ramadan of the same year Khadija (ra) passed away as well.
 The Meccans now openly declared their campaign of torture and oppression.
- Abu Bakr (ra) so badly tortured and oppressed that he tried to leave
for Abyssinia but was discouraged and brought back under protection
by Ibn Ad Daghina.
 The Prophet (p) lost all hope of guiding them and went to Taif seeking a
supportive atmosphere where he was severely maltreated.
 Rapid succession of misfortunes led the Prophet (p) to call this period ‘the year
of grief and sorrow’
 In Shawwal, of the same year the Prophet (p) married Sawdah (ra), an early
convert and a widow.

52
Phase of Invitation outside Mecca
Visit to Taif
 The Prophet (p) went with Zaid bin Harithah (ra) to Taif and invited them to
Islam, but they rudely declined and stoned both out of the city.
 At Qarn Al Manazil, Gabriel descends with the angel for the mountains and
requests the Prophet’s (p) permission to bury Taif between its 2 mountains.
- The Prophet (p) refuses and prays that the children of Taif will accept his Call.
 The Prophet (p) is refreshed by the Divinely provided aid and proceeds to Wadi
Nakhla where he is visited by jinns who accept his Call.
 After this auspicious start, the depression due to Taif disappears and he headed
towards Mecca with fresh determination and enthusiasm.
- The Prophet (p) enters Mecca under protection of Al Mutim bin Adi and is
escorted till his doorstep. (The Apostle (p) never forgot Mutim’s favour)

53
Call to Arabian Tribes
 In Dhul Qadah, the 10th
year of Prophethood (619AD), the Prophet returned to
Mecca to resume his activities.
- the season of Haj was approaching and it was the best time to introduce Islam
to other tribes of Arabia.
- none responded positively except some people from Yathrib.
viz Abu Dharr Al Ghifari (ra), Eyas bin Muadh (ra), Suwaid bin Samit.
 However, in the 11th
year during Haj, Islam introduced to 6 men of Khazraj tribe
from Yathrib who embraced it.
- they start communicating about Islam on their return and created tremendous
support and enthusiasm for it in almost every house of Yathrib.
 In Shawwal of the same year, the Prophet married Ayesha (ra).

54
Al Isra’ and Al Mi’raj
 It is mentioned Quran, Surah Israa :1
Glorified be He Who carried His servant by night from the Inviolable Place of
Worship to the Far distant place of worship the neighbourhood whereof We have
blessed, that We might show him of Our tokens! Lo! He, only He, is the Hearer,
the Seer.
 Isra and Miraj are the 2 parts of this celestial journey that took place physically
on the night of 27th
Rajab in the last years of the Meccan phase of the Prophet’s
life.

55
Al Isra’ and Al Mi’raj
 Isra begins with the Prophet (p) resting in the Kaaba and Gabriel bringing him
the winged steed Buraq, who carries the Prophet (p) to Masjid al Aqsa,
Jerusalem where he leads other Prophets in prayer.
 He then gets back on Buraq, and in the second part of the journey, the Mi'raj, is
taken to the heavens, where he tours the circles of heaven, and speaks with the
earlier prophets, and with Allah.
 Praying 5 times a day made obligatory during meeting with Allah.
 The pagans regarded it as absurd (despite questioning about places and events)
 Some tell Abu Bakr (ra) who readily believed it, thus earning from the Prophet
(p) the title of As Siddiq.

56
Significance of Isra’ and Mi’raj
 The celestial journey was a Divine proclamation that the Prophet (p) was
- a link between God and his creatures
- that his message transcended limitations of time, space, race and nation.
 Established Jerusalem as a holy place for Muslims (sp Al Aqsa Mosque)
 The Prophet’s (p) leading a congregational prayer of all other Prophets showed
that the doctrine of Islam was universal, final and meant for all of humanity
throughout the ages.
 Also indicated him to be the inheritor of all Prophets and as one who represents
the fulfillment and consummation of mankind’s religious development.
The event solidified the Muslim belief in the Prophethood
of Muhammad (p) who was bestowed with a miracle from Allah.

57
The 1st
Aqabah Pledge
 In the 12th
year of Prophethood, during the Haj season, more people from Yathrib
met the Prophet (p) and accepted Islam.
 5 of the 12 were converts of the previous year.
 After pledging an oath, Musab bin Umair Al Abdari sent to teach Islam in Yathrib
where Islam spreads rapidly.
 Shortly before the Haj season of the 13th
year, Musab returned to Mecca to
inform the Prophet (p) regarding success in Yathrib.

58
The 2nd
Aqabah Pledge
 The Second Pledge at Al Aqabah or The Great Aqabah Pledge or The Pledge of
War, was an important event that preceded the Migration to Yathrib.
 In the 13th
year of Prophethood, during the Haj season, 73 people from Yathrib
including 2 women gave their pledge to the Prophet (p).
- The Prophet (p) in return agreed never to leave them nor return to his own
people.
- He (p) selected 9 people from Khazraj and 3 from Aws as their leaders.
 These converts then rejoin the pilgrims (polytheists) from Yathrib in their tents.
 The Quraish become convinced of report about this Pledge much later.

59
Migration
 Muslims start to migrate to the new Muslim state of Yathrib and Quraish attempt
to hinder them.
- Abu Salamah was the first to migrate but his family retained by his in- laws
(eventually allowed to migrate).
- Suhaib bin Sinan Ar Rumi allowed to migrate only after he gives all his wealth.
- Aiyash bin Abi Rabiah tricked back to Mecca from Yathrib and imprisoned.
 Within 2 months of the Great Pledge almost all Muslims had migrated to Yathrib.
- The Prophet (p), Abu Bakr (ra), Ali (ra) and those imprisoned were left.
- Migrants to Abyssinia also come and settle in Yathrib.
- Abu Bakr (ra) stays behind for the Prophet’s sake and keeps 2 camels
ready for departure at all times.

60
Parliament of the Quraish
 Meccan pagans felt threatened by the prospective headquarters of Islam in Yathrib
and by the speedy migrations.
 Yathrib also was strategically place on the commercial routes to Mecca.
 On 26th
Safar, the 14th
year of Prophethood, 2½ months after the Great Aqabah
Pledge, a council of the Quraish held in Dar Al Nadwa to remedy the situation.
- Notables of Mecca and tribal chiefs present
(Iblis too, in the guise of a Najdi elder).
 After prolonged discussion, Abu Jahal proposed that a group men drawn from all
the tribes of Mecca collectively assassinate the Prophet (p).
- it would thus not be possible for the Banu Manaf to fight all the tribes together.
- this proposal is unanimously accepted for immediate implementation.

61
The Plot
 The Prophet (p) informed Abu Bakr (ra) about his permission to emigrate.
 The Quraish chiefs had selected 11 people to monitor the Prophets (p) house.
 The Prophet (p) told Ali (ra) to lie on his bed and assured him of Allah’s security.
 The Prophet (p) exited blowing dust at the assassins and departed unobserved
while reciting verse 9 from Surah Ya Seen :
And We have set a bar before them and a bar behind them, and (thus) have covered
them so that they see not

62
The Emigration or Hijrah
 The Prophet (p) left his house during the night on 27th
of Safar, during 14th
year of
Prophethood (12th
or 13th
September 622 CE)
 He (p) and Abu Bakr (ra) left Mecca before Fajr covering their tracks and took
refuge in a cave on Mt Thawr for 3 days.
- Abdullah and Asma, son and daughter of Abu Bakr (ra) & Amir bin Fuhairah, his
shepherd, supplied them sustenance and the latest news.
 The assassins besieging the house discover Ali (ra) on the Prophets (p) bed, who
is beaten but reveals nothing.
 In Abu Bakr’s (ra) house, Abu Jahal slaps Asma but she too reveals nothing.
 A reward of 100 camels offered for the Prophet (p) and all routes blocked.
 A freshly spun cobweb at the mouth of the cave and eggs laid by a pigeon, save
the Prophet (p) and Abu Bakr (ra) from the pursuers.

63
Route to Yathrib
 Abdullah bin Uraiqit (a polytheist) guides Abu Bakr (ra), Amir bin Fuhairah & the
Prophet (p).
- they use the uncommon coastal route to Yathrib. (Rabi ul Awwal, 1st
AH or
September 16th
, 622 CE).
 En route :
- pursued by Suraqah who gets convinced of the Prophet’s (p) ultimate victory
and asks for a warrant of security.
- hospitality of Umm Mabad Al Khuzaiyah who later composes verses describing
the Prophet (p).
- conversion of Buraidah bin Al Husaib Al Aslami along with 80 others.
- Az Zubair returning from Syria with a caravan presents the Prophet (p) 2 white
garments.
 On Monday, 8th
Rabi ul Awwal, the 14th
year of Prophethood (September 23rd
622 CE) the Prophet (p) arrives at Quba, a suburb of Yathrib.

64
Quba
 The Prophet (p) stayed in Quba with Kulthum bin Al Hadm, chief of Amr bin Awf.
 Ali (ra) stayed in Mecca for 3 days to return the trusts on behalf of the Prophet
(p) to their owners and then proceeded to Yathrib.
 The Prophet (p) stayed in Quba for 4 days.
- Masjid in Quba constructed (First mosque of Islam)
 On the 5th
day, he (p) informed Bani An Najjar, his maternal uncles, to come and
accompany him and Abu Bakr (ra) to Yathrib.
- The Prophet (p) was greeted and welcomed all along the route.
 Before entering Yathrib, he (p) performed his Friday prayer at a place in the
valley of Abu Salim bin Awf.

65
The Messenger’s City
Madina
 Arrived in Madina on 12th
Rabi ul Awwal, Friday, 1 AH (27 Sept 622 CE)
- the tribes and families of Madina (new name of Yathrib and short form of ‘The
Messengers Madina’ (City)) offer joyous welcome.
- The Prophet’s (p) camel left with freed rein, reached the site of the Prophetic
Mosque and knelt down (an area of the Banu Najjar).
- the land (belonging to 2 orphan boys) was purchased by the Prophet (p) as
the site of his mosque with attached living quarters.
 Abu Ayyub Al Ansari (ra) hosted the Prophet (p) for 7 months until it’s
construction was completed.
 A few days later Sawdah (ra) the Prophets spouse; Fatima (ra) & Umm Kulthum
(ra), his daughters; Abu Bakrs (ra) household, Umm Aiman and Usama bin Zaid
arrived from Mecca.
 Zainab (ra) unable to emigrate until the Battle of Badr and stayed in Mecca with
her husband.

66
SiratSirat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
The
Madinian Period
(First Stage)

67
Life in Madina
Stages
The Madinese phase can be divided into 3 stages :
The First Stage :
- characterised by lot of trouble, conflict and obstacles from within coupled by
a hostile wave aiming at wiping out Islam from without.
- ends with Al Hudaybiah Peace Treaty in Dhul Qa’dah 6 AH.
The Second Stage :
- features a truce with the pagan leadership and the Prophet’s inviting King’s
beyond Arabia to Islam.
- ends with the conquest of Mecca in Ramadan 8 AH.
The Third Stage :
- people start embracing Islam and Tribes arrive in Madina to pay homage
- ends at the passing of the Prophet (p) on 12th
Rabi ul Awwal, 11 AH.

68
Life in Madina
Demography
The Prophet (p) had to deal with 3 groups in Madina :
1. The Muslims : who consisted of 2 parties
- Al Ansar (The Helpers) : The residents who were at ease and wealthy
but with chronic enmity among themselves.
- Al Muhajirun (The Emigrants) : Homeless, jobless and penniless and
increasing in number everyday.
2. The Madinese Polytheists : some of whom were favourably inclined to the
Prophet (p) and some who pretended friendliness and sociability eg Abdullah
ibn Ubai.
3. The Jews of Madina : viz Banu Qainuqa, allies of Al Khazraj & Banu Nadeer
and Quraizah who were allies of Al Aws.
- claimed ethnic superiority over Arabs, controlled finance and major businesses.
- tacticians and shrewd schemers, lived in strongholds and fortresses.

69
Life in Madina
The Politics
A. Abdullah bin Ubai (head of the Hypocrites) was almost crowned king of Madina
but the Prophet’s (p) arrival denied him this opportunity.
- he and his supporters only feigned Islam and were always treacherous..
B. The Jews were disgusted by the changes as the (expected) Prophet (p) was of a
different race and they hated the unifying effect of Islam in Madina.
- Islam was seen as a threat to Jewish interests.
C. The Quraish constantly schemed and made attempts on the life of the Prophet (p).
- they spared no efforts in enticing Arabs against Madina and boycotting Madina
socially and economically.
- the property of the migrants was confiscated and the Muslims were thus eligible
to seize the wealth of Meccans in return.
- a state of war virtually existed between the Meccans and the Muslims in Madina.

70
Life in Madina
The Politics
 The Prophet (p) established bonds of brotherhood between the Muhajirin and
the Ansar putting them under an obligation to mutual assistance, benevolence
and welfare.
- He (p) also got a document written which bound them to a friendly agreement.
- the Jews were a party to the agreement and it gave them freedom of faith, the
title to their property and outlined their rights and duties.
 Allah guided the Muslims to the Azaan and the Prophet (p) put Bilal (ra) in
charge of giving this call to prayer.
 16 months after emigration, the Qiblah was changed towards Kaaba during
prayer in compliance with Divine command.
 Rapid growth of Islam irked the Jews, the disbelievers and the Quraish.
- they started to threaten, slight, vilify and ridicule Muslims.
- the Muslims, however, were commanded not to retaliate.

71
Life in Madina
Permission to Fight
 In the face of growing aggression permission to fight revealed in Madina
(Surah Al Haj : verse 39)
Sanction is given unto those who fight because they have been wronged;
and Allah is indeed Able to give them victory
 Until the above Revelation, Muslims consolidated strength and made strategic
pacts with various tribes and brought commercial routes under their control.
 Military activities started in the form of survey patrols and forging of alliances.
 Expeditions and minor invasions carried out to deter hostile acts against Madina
and protect Muslim interests.
 In 2 AH, fasting and Zakat also made obligatory.

72
Life in Madina
Incident at Nakhlah
 In Rajab, 2 AH, the Prophet (s) sent Abdullah Ibn Jahsh with 12 emigrants (and
a letter to be opened after 2 days) to Nakhlah (an oasis between Mecca & Ta'if)
- the letter instructed him to camp at Nakhlah, reconnoiter movements of the
Quraish and report accordingly.
- a party of the Quraish returning from Syria with merchandise passed that way
and Abdullah Ibn Jahsh attacked them.
- Amr Ibn al-Hadrami was killed and 2 others captured with some booty.
 On return to Medina, Abdullah Ibn Jahsh reported to the Prophet (s) and
presented the booty.
- The Prophet (s) disapproved of this act and refused to accept the booty.
- The Companions were enraged and chastised Abdullah, for unauthorized
fighting during the Prohibited month.
 The captives were released and blood money paid to the father of Amr.

73
Life in Madina
Incident at Nakhlah
 Those who were captured or killed at Nakhlah were highly connected.
Amr Ibn al-Hadrami was the son of Abdullah Ibn Hadrami, an ally of Harb Ibn
Umayya who was the chief of the Quraish and successor to Abd al-Muttalib to an
over all leadership.
Those captured, Uthman and Naufal, were grand-sons of Mughira, the father of
Walid and grand father of Khalid. Mughira stood next to Harb in power.
 The incident at Nakhla infuriated all the Quraish tribes and laid the
foundation of a lasting blood feud.
 The root cause of all the battles with the Quraish, including that of Badr, was that
Hadrami was slain in this skirmish.
 The Quraish soon started to realise the real danger that Madinah would present
to their commercial caravans.

74
Life in Madina
Events Leading to War
 The Quraish had started preparations for an attack on Madina, immediately after
the Prophet (s) had left Mecca.
- they had written to Abdullah Ibn Ubay to kill the Prophet (s), else they would
fall upon him and make an end of the Madinites as well as the Prophet (p).
- small parties of the Quraish had hovered around Madina, and some had made
off with some livestock from the pasture lands of the city.
 Muslims had increased their activities and changed their attitude after
Revelations regarding fighting were revealed.
 The skirmish at Nakhlah further inflamed the Quraish.
 The first thing necessary for an attack on Madina was enough money to bear the
expenses of the expedition.
 Consequently, the trade caravan that left Mecca that spring was liberally
financed, each Meccan investing whatever he had in cash.

75
Life in Madina
 The Prophet (p) received word that a rich caravan, commanded by Abu Sufyan
was returning from Syria.
- the Muslims were encouraged to intercept it and make up for their property
and wealth confiscated in Mecca.
 The Prophet (p) commanded the Muslim army of 300 – 317.
(82- 86 Emigrants, 61 from Aws & 170 from Khazraj with 70 camels and 2
horses)
- no serious fighting was expected, and Uthman (ra) stayed behind to nurse his
sick wife.
 The Muslim army was also poorly equipped as they were only attacking a trade
caravan returning coming from Syria and returning to Mecca.

76
Life in Madina
 Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359: Narrated Ibn 'Umar:
Uthman did not join the Badr battle because he was married to one of the
daughters of Allah's Apostle and she was ill. So, the Prophet said to him. "You
will get a reward and a share (from the war booty) similar to the reward and the
share of one who has taken part in the Badr battle."
 Near Madina, Abu Sufyan got wind of the planned ambush and sent Damdam
bin Amr Al Ghifari, to warn the Quraish and get reinforcements.
 The Meccan caravan also changed course and took the coastal route to Mecca
via Yanbu and was soon safe.

77
Life in Madina
The Two Armies
 Alarmed, the Quraish assembled a grand army of about1300 to rescue the
caravan. Many nobles (except Abu Lahab) joined the army for varied reasons :
- some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan;
- others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, killed at Nakhlah;
- a few wanted to take part in an easy victory against the Muslims.
 Despite learning of the caravans safety, Abu Jahal insisted the army proceed to
Badr to teach the Muslims a lesson and show Arabia their supremacy
 Banu Zahra backed out and returned but the Meccan army, now 1000 strong went
on and camped at Al Udwatul Quswa in Badr.
 The Prophet (s) was informed of the Meccan army.
 He (s) immediately called a council of war, since there was time to retreat as
under the Constitution of Medina, the new converts were within their rights to
refuse to fight and leave the army.

78
Life in Madina
The Two Armies
 They pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd bin Ubada declaring, “If you
[Muhammad] order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so.”
 Upon learing the names of all the nobles in the Meccan army, the Prophet (s)
exclaimed "Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver."
 He (p) ordered a forced march to Badr and camped near the wells which he had
destroyed, depriving the Meccan army of water.
- a trellis made for the Prophet (s) from where he could survey the field and
issue commands.
- he made plans, positioned the army and gave orders and the, prayed long and
hard on the night before the battle.
 The battle started well for Muslims and the Prophet (s) prayed for Allah’s help
throughout and was comforted and inspired with immediate Revelations.

79
Life in Madina
Divine Help at Badr
.
When thy Lord inspired the angels, (saying): I am with you. So make those who
believe stand firm. I will throw fear into the hearts of those who disbelieve. Then
smite the necks and smite of them each finger.
(Surah Al Baqarah: 12)
.
When ye sought help of your Lord and He answered you (saying): I will help you with
a thousand of the angels, rank on rank
(Surah Al Baqarah: 9)

80
Battle of Badr
“Day of Criterion”
 Date : Friday, 17th
Ramadan, 2AH.
(17 March, 624 CE)
 Site : Badr is a village, about 80
miles southwest of Madina, where a
yearly fair was held and it lies close
to the trade route to Syria.
 Casualties :
 70 infidels slain and an equal
number taken captive.
 14 Muslims slain (6 Muhajirin and 8
Ansar)
 Result : Decisive victory for the
Muslims.

81
Battle of Badr
Consequences
 The battle of Badr had manifold effects on the religious and political conditions
and was, in fact, the first step of Islam towards progress.
- for years the Prophet (s) had been the butt of scorn and insults, but after this
spectacular success everybody in Arabia took him seriously as a major leader.
- the victory at Badr also allowed the Prophet (s) to consolidate his own position
at Madina.
 Meccans were bewildered and shocked by the defeat and the death of so many
of their nobles in one battle. .
 On the death of Utba and Abu Jahal, the Supreme leadership of the Quraish
devolved on Abu Sufyan, paving the way for the Umayyad ascendancy; but the
heyday of the power of the Quraish was over.
 Abu Lahab dies in Mecca after being hit on the head by Ummul Fadl, a Muslim
woman.

82
Battle of Badr
Consequences
1. The tribes of Arabia that had watched the trend of events were overawed,
though not won over.
2. In Madina, Abdullah Ibn Ubbay Ibn Salul had been till now a declared infidel.
He now made a show of crossing over to Islam, though throughout life he
remained a hypocrite and died as such.
3. After the battle of Badr every Meccan house went into mourning and each
Meccan thirsted for revenge.
4. The Ghazwa of Sawiq and the battle of Uhud were the out come of the
vehemence of this feeling.
5. The Jews had entered into a pact to remain aloof. But the decisive victory at
Badr roused their jealousy, which they could not rein back.

83
Life in Madina
After Badr
 News of victory conveyed in Madina by Abdullah bin Rawahah and Zaid bin
Harithah shortly after the burial of Ruqaiya, the Prophet’s daughter and
Uthman’s (ra) wife, who had been ill.
- rumor spread by some Jews that the Prophet (s) was slain in battle because
Zaid (ra) was riding the Prophets camel.
 The war booty distributed among the fighters after the Prophet (p) took his fifth
(khums) as per Revelation regarding the spoils of war.
 After 3 days at Badr, the army marched back to Madina with the pagan prisoners
(An Nadr bin Al Harith, Uqbah bin Abu Muait, beheaded en route).
 Muslim army joyously received in Madinah and the Prophet (s) encourages
Muslims to treat the prisoners well. (The first POW’s of Islam)

84
Life in Madina
After Badr
 Regarding POW’s, Abu Bakr (ra) suggested they be ransomed and Umar (ra)
suggested they be killed.
- The Prophet (s) opted for ransoming them and a Quranic verse revealed later
rebuked him for this judgement.
 The ransom amount ranged from 4000 – 10,000 dirhams as per the captive but
very poor prisoners were released without ransom.
 Ransom also assumed an educational dimension for literate but poor Meccans.
- Abul As, the Prophet’s son in law, was released on the condition that he would
allow the Prophet’s daughter, Zainab, to migrate to Madinah, once he reached
Mecca, which he did.
- Abu Sufyan’s son exchanged for a Muslim, who was taken prisoner in Mecca.
 The Prophet (s) forbade torture or maltreatment of any Meccan prisoner.

85
Life in Madina
Hostilities After Badr
 The fast of Ramadan established as obligatory along with Zakat in 2 AH.
Eid of Shawwal (Eid ul Fitr) also established after the victory at Badr.
 It was hard for Meccans to accept the fact that the most feared and powerful
Quraish were humiliated by a handful of ill-equipped men led by the Prophet (s).
 Their trade caravans dared not venture on the road to Syria because of the
Muslim presence at Madina.
 To prevent economic disaster they decided to arm an expedition which would
avenge their dead and grant them commercial security.
 The Jews of Madina regarded the Prophet’s victory as a severe blow to their
religio-economic entity and despised Islam.
 Quraish and the Jews were joined by the Hypocrites of Madina under Abdullah
ibn Ubai in their hatred of the Prophet (s) and Islam.

86
Life in Madina
Hostilites After Badr
 The desert bedouins living near Madinah feared losing their means of
existence ( ie looting) should the Islamic state gain power hence were also
hostile.
 The Prophet (s) was made aware, by Divine Revelation to what extent the
disbelievers would harm his mission to spread the Commands of Allah.
- defensive expeditions were dispatched to areas where hostilities were
reported.
- in Shawwal, 2 AH; Banu Sulaim of Ghatafan fled after a surprise attack at
Al Khudr, led by the Prophet (s) put an end to their hostile activities..
- an attempt on the life of the Prophet (s) in Madinah is thwarted. Umair bin
Wahb, the assassin gets impressed by the Prophet (s) and converts to Islam.

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Life in Madina
Banu Qainuqa
 The Jewish tribe of Banu Qainuqa were goldsmiths and despite the Pact with
them for peace, were always provocatively offensive, insulting and openly
making trouble.
 A Muslim women had gone into their market to sell milk and some Jews had
insulted and humiliated her.
 A Muslim went to her rescue and killed a Jew but was killed in return.
 When the Prophet (s) learnt of the incident, he called together the leading men
of Banu Qainuqa and admonished them to fear God and mend their ways.
 They retorted arrogantly and repeated the challenge that he should lay no store
by the victory at Badr as, in case of a conflict, they would show him what fighting
meant.
 The Prophet (s) felt that matters were coming to a head and, collecting a number
of Muslims, he marched to the strongholds of Banu Qainuqa’, who, instead of
seeking a peaceful solution, appeared ready to fight.

88
Life in Madina
Banu Qainuqa
 Seeing this, the Prophet (s) ordered the siege of their fortress in Madinah.
 After 15 days the siege was lifted and the Jews surrendered and begged for
mercy.
 Abdullah bin Ubai Ibn Sulool, the leader of the Hypocrites, who was the friend of
the Jews pleaded with the Prophet (s) that their lives be spared.
 The Banu Qainuqa were not to be trusted anymore and the Prophet (s) ordered
their banishment from Madina after confiscating their wealth and arms.
 The expulsion of Banu Qainuqa from Medina was the least penalty that was
permissible for their conduct. (It was death according to Mosaic law)
 They left Madina and settled at Khaibar.
It is reported that within a year of their exile, an epidemic broke out among
them, which destroyed the whole tribe.

89
Life in Madina
Al Saweeq Campaign
 After Badr, Abu Sufyan had vowed to avenge Meccan humiliation and took an
oath not to “bathe off impurity” until he had extracted revenge.
 As a first step to restoring pride and instilling confidence, Abu Sufyan the
successor to Abu Jahl, led an expedition of 200 men.
 He called upon Sallam bin Mishkam, chief of Banu Nadir for information about
Madina.
 Later attacked a locality called Al-Uraid near Madina at night, killing 2 Muslims
and laying waste their orchard and dwelling.
 Abu Sufyan, taking his oath as fulfilled, fled with his men, fearing pursuit by the
Muslims.

90
Life in Madina
Al Saweeq Campaign
 When the Muslims were alerted, they pursued Abu Sufyan as far as Qarqarat al
Kudr.
 In order to hasten their flight, Abu Sufyan and his party every now and then
threw away some of their provisions of wheat and barley flour.
 While the Muslims followed their trail they soon realized, that the Meccans had
escaped, and they decided to return home.
 By this raid Abu Sufyan had sought to encourage the Quraish after their defeat
at Badr and to recapture its lost pride.
 In fact, his plan turned against him and his flight from the Muslims brought
further shame to the Quraish.
 Because of Al Saweeq (i.e. the flour), which the men of the Quraish dropped on
their path, this expedition was given the name Al Saweeq Campaign'

91
Life in Madina
Hostilities After Badr
 In Muharram 3 AH, the Prophet (s) invaded Dhi Amr and scattered Banu
Thalabah and Banu Muharib who were gathering to raid Madina.
 The Prophet (s) also ordered the execution of Ka'ab bin Ashraf, a well known
poet living with the Banu Nadeer .
- was a bitter enemy of Islam and composed vile verses on
the life of the Prophet (s) and poems which slandered Muslim women.
- was executed on the evening of Rabi-ul-Awwal 3 AH by Muhammed bin
Maslamah (ra) and his friends.
 Another expedition in Rabiul Thani, 3 AH; to Buhran scattered hostile elements.
 A Quraish caravan rich with merchandise, heading for Iraq taking a different
route was intercepted.
The economic siege laid to Mecca was thus strengthened and in view
of the grave threat to their commerce the Quraish opted for war.

92
Life in Madina
News from Mecca
 In Shawwal of 3 AH, Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib who had not yet embraced Islam,
informed the Prophet (s) of the Quraish’s plan of attacking Madina.
 In Mecca, elaborate preparations were in progress :
- funds were collected and profit from the last trading caravan under
Abu Sufyan used for the war effort
- poets were sent to other tribes, to Jews and Christians to enlist their support
 Hind, wife Abu Sufyan, had lost her father Utba and brother Shaiba at Badr,
compelled Abu Sufyan, the only leader of any repute of the Quraish, to take
revenge.
- Meccan army had 3000 well trained and well equipped warriors with 200
horses and 3000 camels. Abi Rabi'a was appointed as the general.
- Hind and her companions accompanied the army to encourage the men. Her
proposal to desecrate the Prophet’s mothers grave was turned down.

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Life in Madina
The Defence Plan
 The Muslim scouts reported the Quraish army camped at Ainain near Uhud.
 Guards posted around Madinah (sp Masjid-e-Nabawi). The Prophet (s) held a
Consultation Assembly for a plan of defence.
 The leader of the Hypocrites, Abdullah bin Ubai Ibn Sulool was also consulted
as he was an experienced person in warfare.
 The Prophet (s) related a dream which he interpreted as 'blood-shed and
suffering for the Muslims' if they fought outside Madina.
 Many Sahaba (ra) and the Hypocrites were also in favour of defending Madina
from within.
 But the younger Muslims and the Sahaba (ra) who did not take part in Badr were
determined to fight the enemy at Uhud on the battlefield.

94
Life in Madina
The Rebellion
 Hamza bin Abdul Muttalib (ra) Sa'ad bin Ubada (ra) and Nauman bin Malik (ra)
agreed with those who wanted to fight outside Madina lest the enemy draw the
conclusion that the Muslims were cowards.
 Seeing this determination, the Prophet (s) agreed to go out to meet the enemy.
 Hurried preparations were made and 1000 people rallied round the Prophet (s).
 Before the Muslims could reach Uhud, Abdullah bin Ubai, the leader of the
Hypocrites, returned to Madina “in protest” with 300 of his followers saying:
“Muhammed listens to the chatter of good for nothing fools and rejects the good
advice I gave him. Why go to face certain death?”.
 The army was now reduced to 700 men.

95
Life in Madina
Battle of Uhud
 One year after Badr, a Meccan army under Abu Sufyan marched towards
Madina to annihilate the Muslims, their religion, and the Prophet (s).
 The Prophet (s) marched out to meet the force but before reaching the battle,
about one third of the troops under Abdallah ibn Ubai withdrew.
 Nevertheless, the Muslims marched forth into battle and originally were
successful in pushing the Meccans back.
 Hamza (ra) assassinated by Wahshi bin Harb, an Abyssinian slave.
 However, due to indiscipline and greed of some, a strategic hill was lost which
allowed the Meccan cavalry to attack from behind and the Muslims suffered
defeat.
- The Prophet (s) was injured in this battle and was rumored killed.
 The Meccans did not capitalize on their victory by invading Madina and returned
to Mecca.

96
Battle of Uhud
The Second Battle
 Date : Saturday, 7 Shawwal, 3 AH
(23 March , 625)
 Site : The valley, in front of the mountain of
Uhud, about 5 miles from Madina.
 Combatants :
Muslims under the Prophet (s) versus
Quraysh led coalition under Abu Sufyan,
Khalid bin Walid and Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal
 Strength :
Muslims - 700 infantry, 2 cavalry
Quraysh - 3,000 infantry, 200 cavalry
 Casualties :
Muslims - 70 (65 Ansar, 1 Jew, 4
Emigrants)
Quraysh - 22
 Result : Meccan victory

97
Life in Madina
Hamra ul Asad Invasion
 On the day after the battle, fearing an invasion of Madina, the Prophet (s)
decided to pursue the Meccan army.
- The Prophet (s) refused the help of Abdullah bin Ubai, the Hypocrite
 The Prophet’s army camped at Hamra ul Asad.
- a prisoner and a Quraish spy are executed.
 Ma’bad bin Abu Ma’bad, a new convert discourages the Quraish from turning
back to invade Madina and spreads panic in their army.
- the Quraish think it safer to return to Mecca and the proposed plan to re-attack
and invade Madina is cancelled.
 After camping for 3 days, the Prophet (s) and his army returned to Madina
 Thus, Hamra ul Asad invasion is a part or a follow up to the Battle of Uhud.

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Life in Madina
Lesson from Uhud
 Muslims saw the result of disobedience and the danger of doing what the
Prophet (s) had prohibited.
 The defeat uncovered the true from the deceitful.
 The hypocrisy of the Hypocrites of Madina that was hidden was revealed.
 The ‘enemy within’ were made manifest.
 Humility was instilled in the Muslims and hubris removed.

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Life in Madina
Missions after Uhud
 After the defeat, Jews, Hypocrites and bedouins openly showed enmity and
Muslims become attractive targets after losing military credibility.
 Hamra ul Asad invasion was the first step in salvaging Muslim military reputation
 Thereafter, the Prophet (s) dispatched military missions to recover Muslim
digniity viz :
- The Abi Salamah Mission, 1st
Moharram, 4 AH; against Banu Asad.
- Abdullah bin Unais mobilized , 5th
Moharram, 4 AH; against Khalid Al Hudhali.
 Ar Raji Incident occurred in Safar, 4 AH, where 6 Muslims treacherously killed.
 Tragedy at the Well of Ma’unah took place in the same month where 70 of the
best Companions were treacherously killed.
- A lone survivor, killed 2 men of Bani Kilab who were under the
Prophets protection and blood money was collected for them from the
Muslims and their Jewish Allies.

100
Life in Madina
Banu Nadeer
 After the 2 tragedies, Banu Nadeer announced their enmity and were involved in
a plot to kill the Prophet (s).
- The Prophet (s) had sought their contribution in paying the blood money due
to the Banu Kilab (as per his Pact with the Jews).
- While waiting for their contribution in their fortress, their intention to kill the
Prophet (s) was revealed by Gabriel.
- The Prophet (s) accused them of planning to assassinate him and left.
 The Prophet (s) besieged Banu Nadeer, ordered them to surrender their
property and leave Madina within 10 days.
 Huyai ibn Akhtab, their Chief, decided to put up resistance at the urging of
Abdullah bin Ubai, who assured them of the help of Banu Ghatafan

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Life in Madina
Banu Nadeer
 They were forced to surrender after the siege had lasted 14 days, when the
promised help failed to materialize and when the Prophet (s) ordered the burning
of their palm-trees.
 Under the conditions of surrender, Banu Nadeer could only take with them what
they could carry on camels with the exception of weapons.
 They left on 600 camels, parading through Medina to the music of pipes and
tambourines. People lined up to gape at them !
 Their property was divided among the early Emigrants and 2 poor Helpers.
 Most found refuge among the Jews of Khaybar, while others emigrated to Syria.
 Invasion of Banu Nadeer occurred in Rabi ul Awwal, 4 AH (August, 625 CE)
Upon expulsion of Banu Nadeer, Sura Al Hashr revealed, which describes
the entire incident and manifests the rules relevant to the booty.

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Life in Madina
Badr, The Second
 A year elapsed since Uhud, so it was due time to meet the Quraish and start war
again in order to determine which of the two parties was worthy of survival.
 In Sha‘ban 4 AH, (January 626 AD), the Prophet (s) set out to Badr with 1500
fighters and 10 horsemen
- Abu Sufyan came with 2000 footmen and 50 horsemen and camped at a
place called Mijannah but chose not to fight and returned to Mecca.
 The Muslims, who were then at Badr, stayed for 8 days waiting for their enemy.
 They took advantage of their stay by selling goods and earning lot of profit.
When the idolaters declined to fight, the balance of powers shifted in favour of
the Muslims, who thus regained their military reputation, dignity and
managed to impose their presence over the whole of Arabia.

103
Life in Madina
Dumatul Jandal
 The Prophet (s) rested for some months in Madina after returning from Badr.
 Then raided Dumatul Jandal (Rabi ul Awwal, 5 AH), near the border of Syria
but found no success in locating the enemy nonbelievers who were
highwaymen.
After subduing all hostile elements the Prophet (s) achieved peace in the
whole area and gained the recognition of friend and foe alike.

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Life in Madina
Prelude to Battle
 After exile of Banu Nadeer to Khyber, 20 chiefs of the Jews went to Mecca and
negotiated an alliance with the Quraish.
 The same delegation lured Banu Ghatafan into the alliance too.
 The Jews then toured Arabia and recruited other tribes also eg Kinanah,
Tihamah, Banu Sulaim, Bani Murrah, Fazarah and Ashja.
 All agreed to gather in the vicinity of Madinah at a time agreed upon. The army
had 10,000 soldiers and their movements were reported to the Prophet (s).
 On the advice of Salman Al Farsi (ra), defensive trenches were dug.
 The army of disbelievers camped at Al Asyal and Uhud and faced 3000 Muslims
with a trench in between as a barrier.
 The Battle of The Trench or Invasion of Al Ahzab, starting on 31 March 627
(Shawwal to Dhul Qadah, 5 AH), was a month long siege of Medina by pagan
Arab and Jewish confederates.

105
Life in Madina
Battle of the Trench
 In Shawwal 5 AH (627), Abu Sufyan ibn Harb once more led an army (a
confederacy) against Madina.
- because the people of Madina had dug a trench north of Madina to protect the
city (naturally fortified on all other fronts), this event became known as the
Battle of the Trench.
 After a protracted siege and various skirmishes (6 Muslims & 10 polytheists
killed), the Meccans withdrew.
- during the siege, Abu Sufyan had contacted the remaining Jewish tribe of
Banu Quraiza and formed an agreement with them, to attack the defenders
from behind the lines. It was discovered and thwarted.
 The Confederacy collapsed due to the successful stratagem of Nuaim bin
Masud.
 Meccans and their confederate tribes lost mutual trust, patience and withdrew
due to very cold, wet and stormy weather and decreasing provisions.

106
Life in Madina
Battle of the Trench
 The agreement between Abu Sufyan and Banu Quraiza was in breach of the
Constitution of Medina.
 After the armies withdrew, the Prophet (s) immediately marched against the Bani
Quraiza and laid siege to their strongholds
 The Jews surrendered after 25 days but some members of Al Aws interceded on
behalf of their old allies and the Prophet (s) agreed to the appointment of one of
their chiefs, Sa'd ibn Mua'dh, as judge.
 He judged that all male members of the tribe be killed and the women and
children taken captive (in accordance with the law of Moses).
 This action was conceived of as a defensive measure to ensure that the Muslim
community could be confident of its continued survival in Medina.
The failure of the siege marked the beginning of
the Prophet's (s) undoubted political ascendancy.

107
Life in Madina
After Khandaq
 Salam bin Abul Huqaiq (Abu Rafi), had gathered the troops of the Confederates
and aided them financially.
- the Prophet (s) permitted his killing in his fort at Khyber.
 Disciplinary expeditions dispatched to quell hostile and rebellious tribes viz :
- Muhammad bin Maslamah, in Muharram 6 AH, attacks Bani Bakr bin Kilab
- Bani Lihyan tribe invaded in 6 AH for their treachery at Ar Raji.
- Zaid bin Harithah (ra) intercepts a Quraish caravan and Abul ‘As (son in law
of the Prophet (s)) taken captive but released with his merchandise. He later
accepts Islam and joins his family in Madina.
- Invasion of Al Khabat (leaves eaten when Muslim army provisions ran out)
occured in 8 AH, under leadership of Abu Uaidah Al Jarrah

108
Life in Madina
After Khandaq
 On 2nd
Sha’ban, 6 AH, the Muslim army set out against Al Harith bin Dirar, chief
of Bani al Mustaliq, who was about to attack Madina.
- The 2 armies met at a well called Muraisi and the Muslims won.
- The Prophet (s) married Juwairiyah, daughter of Al Harith, due to which
captives who embraced Islam were freed (called the Prophet’s in laws)
 On the return from Bani Mustaliq, “The Slander Incident” took place.
- The Hypocrites and some Muslims slandered Aisha (ra) but a Quranic
Revelation acquits her
- Mistah bin Athathah, Hassan bin Thabit and Hammah bint Jash flogged with
80 stripes.
- The leader of the Hypocrites, the main culprit, left unpunished but became
the object of criticism and humiliation.

109
Life in Madina
After Khandaq
 Punitive military missions sent to deal with/ deter enemies :
- Abdur Rahman bin Auf (ra) dispatched to lands of Bani Kilab in
Dumatul Jandal (Shaban, 6 AH)
- Ali bin Abi Talib (ra) led the Fadak campaign (Shaban, 6 AH)
- Abu Bakr (ra) led an expedition against the Fazara tribe (Ramadan, 6 AH)
- Kurz bin Jabir Al Fihri sent to capture a murderous and apostate group from
Ukl and Urainah tribes, who are severely punished (Shawwal, 6 AH)
These Military missions were aimed at destroying enemy morale and to
make clear that they were no longer in a position to stop the Islamic call or
weaken it’s active drive.

110
Life in Madina
Prelude to Truce
 In 6 AH, the Prophet (s) had a dream that he was performing Umrah with his
followers in security and that their hair was being shaved.
 In Dhul Qadah, 6 AH, a group of 1,400 set out, unarmed, for Mecca with the
Prophet (s), in an attempt to perform the pilgrimage.
- they took sacrificial animals, and hoped that the Quraish would honour the
Arabian custom of allowing unarmed pilgrims to enter the city.
 The Quraish, sent horsemen under Khalid bin Walid to intercept them, well
outside Mecca but he missed the group.
 Wishing to avoid bloodshed in and around Mecca, the Prophet (s) took a rarely
used route via Hudaybia, where his camel stopped and refused to go on.
- the Muslim’s camped at Hudayia and received the worried Quraish envoys
and informed them of his intention for Umrah.
 On gauging the Muslim resolve the Quraish decided to resolve the matter
through diplomacy and the Prophet (sa) sent Uthman (ra) to negotiate.

111
Life in Madina
Treaty of Hudaybia
 is the treaty that took place between the state of Madina and the Quraish of
Mecca in Dhul Qadah, 6 AH (March 628 CE)
 The basic outline was as follows (Bukhari)
In the name of God.
These are the conditions of Peace between Muhammad (s), son of
Abdullah and Suhail Ibn Amr, the envoy of Mecca.
1. There will be no fighting for ten years.
2. Anyone who wishes to join Muhammad (s) and to enter into any agreement
with him is free to do so. Anyone who wishes to join the Quraish and to
enter into any agreement with them is free to do so.

112
Life in Madina
Treaty of Hudaybia
3. A young man, or one whose father is alive, if he goes to Muhammad
without permission from his father or guardian, will be returned to his
father or guardian. But if anyone goes to the Quraish, he will not be
returned.
4. This year Muhammad (s) will go back without entering Mecca. But next
year he and his followers can enter Mecca, spend three days, perform
the circuit. During these three days the Quraish will withdraw to the
surrounding hills.
5. When Muhammad and his followers enter into Mecca, they will be
unarmed except for sheathed swords which wayfarers in Arabia always
have with them."
After the signing of the treaty, there was gloom amongst the Muslims for they
did not like the one sided terms and also that Umrah was denied that year.
The Prophet (s), however, ordered that Muslims honour the treaty.

113
Life in Madina
Treaty of Hudaybia
 Many Muslims did not respond, when The Prophet (s) told them (thrice) to
perform their Umrah completion rites at Hudaybia. (expecting a new Revelation)
- later, the Prophet's wife Umm-Salama (ra) asked the Prophet (s) to perform
his share of the rites. The others soon followed suit.
 The stay of the Muslims at Hudaybia was nearly 20 days thus the Prophet (s)
directed the start of the march back to Madina.
 When the cavalcade camped near Osfan, the Prophet (s) told them that a Sura
had been revealed which was dearer to him than all else in the world.
This Surah (Al Fath:1) comprised the tidings:
Lo ! We have given thee (O Muhammad) a signal victory.

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Life in Madina
“A Signal Victory”
 The Truce of Hudaybia was one of the most outstanding events in the life of the
Holy Prophet (s).
 The Prophet’s (s) political status, as an equal and independent power, was
acknowledged by the Treaty.
 Quraish, who were committed to hostilities, had agreed to put an end to them
and had made a covenant of peace.
- they had promised to allow Muslims to stay in Mecca, the next year for 3 days.
- the 10 years truce afforded opportunity and time for growth and expansion of
Islam.
 The Muslims returned and were free to travel in peace and security, safe against
the mischief of the Meccans.

115
Life in Madina
After Hudaybia (End of First Stage)
1. Some believing women emigrated to Madina and the Prophet (s) refused to
hand them back because the terms of the Treaty, mentioned only men.
2. Abu Basir was returned as per the Treaty but he managed to escape again
and settled at Saiful Bahr where he was joined by Abu Jandal and other
Meccan exiles.
- they terrorized Meccan caravans and were beyond anybodies control.
- the Quraish begged the Prophet (s) to take them into Madina and deleted the
relevant clause from the Treaty !
3. The early part of 7 AH witnessed the Islamization of 3 prominent men of
Mecca viz Amr bin Al As, Khalid bin Al Walid and Uthman bin Talhah.
The Prophet (s) said, "Quraish has given us its own blood”.

116
SiratSirat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
The
Madinian Period
(Second Stage)

117
Life in Madina
The Second Stage
Al-Hudaibiya Truce marked a new phase in the process of Islamic action
and life of the Muslims.
 Quraish, ended hostilities and embraced a peaceful settlement with the Muslims
as a result of which :
- the third support of a tripartite enemy (Quraish, Ghatfan & the Jews) was broken
- the other pagans aggressive feelings towards Islam considerably subsided.
 Ghatfan, no longer constituted any remarkable threat, as their provocative
deeds were mainly Jewish-instigated and ended after the Jews were exiled from
Madina.
 The Jews, after being banished from Madina, settled in Khaibar and continued
their hostilities from there..

118
Life in Madina
The Second Stage
 The Prophet (s), aware of their schemes, placed a decisive war with them as a
first priority on his agenda shortly after the endorsement of the Treaty.
 The truce allowed Muslims to intensify their Da‘wah, and consequently give this
sort of action preponderance over the military activities.
 Hence, this post-Treaty stage can be divided into two sections:
Section 1 : Consisting of peaceful propagation of Islam
and initiating correspondence with rulers of
the neighbouring political entities.
Section 2 : Consisting of military activities.

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Life in Madina
Envoys
 Late in 6 AH, after Hudaibiya, the Prophet (s) sent messages to the kings
beyond Arabia calling them to Islam.
 To authenticate the credentials of his envoys, a silver seal was made in which
were graven the words "Muhammad the Messenger of Allah"
(Sahih Al Bukhari 2/ 872 & 873)
 Envoys, chosen on basis of experience and knowledge, sent in Muharram, 7
AH, a few days before heading for Khaibar :
1. To Abyssinia, where the Negus, Ashamah, accepted Islam.
2. To the Vicegerent of Egypt, The Muqawqis, who sent the Prophet (s) gifts (a
steed, clothes, 2 Coptic maids- one of whom was Maria) but did not accept
Islam.

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Life in Madina
Envoys
3. To Chosroes II, Emperor of Persia, who angrily tore the Prophet’s letter and
was murdered after ordering Badhan (his Governor in Yemen) to arrest the
Prophet (s).
The Prophet (s) informed the envoys from Yemen of their
King’s murder and of the future rise of Islam and bade them return
Badhan and the Persians of Yemen accepted Islam when the
envoys returned and informed them of the Chosroes’s murder (before they get
news canceling the arrest from Persia) and of the impending rise of Islam.
4. To Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantines & the Envoy to Caesar, King of Rome,
who questioned Abu Sufyan (about the Prophet) in his court but remained
noncommittal and sent the Prophet (s) gifts.
5. To Mundhir bin Sawa, Governor of Bahrain who accepted Islam

121
Life in Madina
Envoys
6. To Haudha bin Ali, Governor of Yamama, who agreed to accept Islam if the
Prophet (s) would give him a position of power. His condition was turned
down.
7. To Harith bin Abi Shamir Al Ghassani, King of Damascus, who angrily tore
the Prophet’s (s) letter and rejected Islam.
8. To the King of Oman, Jaifer and his brother Abd Al Jalandi, who after
prolonged conversation with Amr ibn Al As accept Islam.
Although, some Kings accepted and some rejected Islam,
the advent of a new Prophet preoccupied them all.

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Life in Madina
Post Hudaibia Hostilities
1. Invasion of Dhi Qarad is a skirmish against a platoon of Bani Fazarah and took
place 3 days before the Battle of Khaibar.
2. Battle of Khaybar (Moharram, 7 AH) took place because the Jews of Khaybar
(an oasis with several forts, 60 – 80 miles north of Madina) were constantly
plotting with the Arab tribe of Ghatfan against the Prophet (s).
 The Muslim army of 1400, led by the Prophet (s) halted at Al- Raji, between the
forts of Khaybar and Ghatfan to prevent the latter reinforcing Khaybar.
 Khaybar was alerted about the impending attack from Madina by Abdullah bin
Ubai, leader of the Hypocrites.
 Ghatfan marched out to help the Jews, but after a day's journey, hearing a rumor
about their property and families, they went back.
 The Jews showed courage and proved too formidable even to the repeated
rushes of the veteran soldiers of Islam

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Life in Madina
 However, realizing the futility of resistance they kept changing forts which fell
one by one, until they realized that they would perish, therefore, they asked for a
negotiable peace treaty.
 The Jews requested that they be allowed to remain to farm their lands as
tenants, ceding half their harvest and retaining their Jewish faith. The
Prophet (s) accepted this.
 The spoils of war were so great that Ibn Umar said: "We never ate our fill until
we had conquered Khaybar." (Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/609)
 The Prophet also married Safiyah, daughter of one of the Jewish chiefs. (Her
manumission was her Mahr)
 While at Khaybar, Jafar bin Abu Talib and other emigrants returned from
Abyssinia, to the Prophets (s) delight.

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Life in Madina
 After the conquest of Khaybar, a Jewish woman called Zainab bint Al-Harith
(sister of Marhab) offered the Prophet (s) a roasted sheep she had poisoned.
 The Prophet (s) came to know of the plot and ignored her but later ordered her
killed when Bishr bin Al-Bara died of that poison.
 The number of Muslim martyrs, ranged between 16 and 18, while the number
of Jews killed came to 93.
3. The desert bedouins posed a grave danger to Madina, if left unprotected
during the Khaybar campaign.
 The Prophet (s) had dispatched Aban bin Sa‘id with a platoon to deter those
bedouins and forestall any attempt at raiding Madina during his absence in
Khaibar.
 Aban achieved his task successfully and joined the Prophet (s) in Khaibar
after it had been conquered (Safar, 7 AH).

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Life in Madina
4. The town of Fadak immediately after the fall of Khaybar, entered into a
similar agreement with the Prophet (s) without any fighting.
5. The Jews of Wadi Al Qura, fought for 2 days before giving up and entered
into a similar agreement.
6. The Jews of Taima took the initiative and offered to sign a reconciliation
treaty to the effect that they receive protection but pay tribute in return
Having subdued the Jews completely, the Prophet (s) returned
to Madina in late Safar or early Rabi Al Awwal, 7 AH.

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Life in Madina
Other Invasions
1. Dhat-ur-Riqa Expedition (7 A.H.)
(Some Sahaba (ra) had bandaged their feet with rags, during this expedition,
hence it was called Dhat-ur-Riqa i.e. the expedition of rags)
 Having subdued two sides of the Confederates coalition, the Prophet (s)
started preparations to discipline the third party, i.e. the desert bedouins
(The Ghatfan tribe).
 The Prophet (s) led a 6 man army, to Najd, where the Ghatfan were scattered
and and were indulging in looting and plunder.
 There was no fighting as the enemy fled . It had a tremendous impact on all
Arabs as it rendered them too powerless to antagonize the Muslim society in
Madina.
The Arabs began to acquiesce in the prevailing situation and resigned
themselves to new geo-political conditions working in favour of Islam.

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Life in Madina
Other Invasions
 After defeating the Confederacy other hostile tribes dealt with it viz :
1. A platoon led by Ghalib bin Abdullah Al-Laithi in Safar or Rabi Al-Awwal 7 AH
was dispatched against the provocative behaviour of Bani Al-Muluh.
2. Umar bin Al-Khattab with 30 soldiers, sent to Turbah, in Sha‘ban 7 AH to
discipline the tribe of Hawazin, who fled.
3. In Shawwal 7 AH, Basheer bin Sa‘d Al-Ansari marched towards Yemen and
Jabar with 300 fighters to subdue polytheists who gathered to raid the outskirts
of Madinah. The mob fled at the advent of the Muslims.
4. In 7 AH, shortly before the Compensatory Umrah, the people of Qais turned
hostile.The Prophet (s), sent Abu Hadrad, who routed the enemy and captured
a lot of their cattle

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Life in Madina
The Compensatory Umrah
 In Dhul Qa‘da, 7 AH, the Prophet (s) ordered people to make preparations for
Umrah.
- the group had 2000 men, some women & children and 60 camels for sacrifice.
- the Muslims took their weapons fearing the treachery of the Quraish, but left
them with a party of 200 men at a place 8 miles from Mecca. (these did Umrah
after the first batch)
 The Quraish had vacated Mecca and retired to their tents on the adjoining hills
and observed the proceedings from there.
- the Muslims performed the Tawaf briskly; and obeying the Prophet (s) did their
best to appear strong and healthy to falsify rumors of Yathrib fever.
- the animals were sacrificed, and the Umra completed.
 The next day, the Prophet (s) prayed inside the Kaaba and Bilal (ra), mounted to
the roof of the Kaaba, and gave the Azaan for midday Prayer.

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Life in Madina
The Compensatory Umrah
 On the 4th
day of the pilgrimage, the Prophet (s) left Mecca along with his
Companions, as per the Treaty and stayed at nearby Sarif for some time.
- his uncle Abbas offered the hand of his sister-in-law, Maimuna bint Harith, to
him, which he accepted.
- it was an effective step towards cementing relationship between the Prophet
(s) and the influential men of Makkah. The wedding took place in Sarif.
 Some military operations, against some still obdurate desert Arabians, took
place at the conclusion of the lesser pilgrimage eg :
1. Ibn Abi Al- Awja led 50 men against Bani Sulaim
2. Ghalib bin Abdullah led 200 men to Fadak
3. Kab bin Umair Al-Ansari led 15 men against Banu Quda’a but was
unsuccessful.

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Life in Madina
The Battle of Mu’tah
 It was the most significant and the fiercest battle during the lifetime of the
Prophet (s), a preliminary and a prelude to the conquests of Christian lands.
 Fought on Jumada Al-Ula, 8 AH (Sept, 629 AD) at Mu’tah, a village near Syria.
 The Prophet (s) had sent Al-Harith Al-Azdi with a letter to the ruler of Busra and
he was intercepted and beheaded by Sharhabeel bin ‘Amr Al-Ghassani, the
governor of Al-Balqa and a close ally to Caesar, the Byzantine Emperor.
- killing envoys and messengers used to be regarded as a declaration of war.
 The Prophet (s) mobilized 3000 men (the largest Muslim army ever) against a
200,000 strong Byzantine army.
 Zaid bin Haritha was appointed leader. Ja‘far bin Abi Talib would replace him if
he was killed, and ‘Abdullah bin Rawaha would succeed Ja‘far in case the latter
fell. (Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/611).
 All three attained martyrdom in the fierce battle.

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Life in Madina
The Battle of Mu’tah
 Finally, Khalid bin Walid, chosen to lead, who gradually and judiciously retreated
with minimal losses after intimidating the enemy, who did not pursue.
 The Muslims sustained 12 martyrs, whereas the number of casualties among
the Byzantines was great.
- even though the battle did not satisfy the Muslims’ objective, it resulted in a
far-ranging impact and attached to the Muslims a great reputation in the
battlefields.
 The battle was a real miracle proving that the Muslims were something
exceptional and it gave evidence that Allah backed them and their Prophet (s).
In the light of these new strategic changes, the archenemies among the
desert bedouins began to reconcile themselves with the new uprising faith
and several recalcitrant tribes viz Banu Saleem, Ashja, Ghatfan, Dhubyan,
Fazarah et al came to profess Islam out of their own free will.

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Life in Madina
Other Campaigns
1. Dhat As-Salasil Campaign (Jumada Ath-Thaniya, 8 AH)
led successfully by Amr bin Al- As against Bani Quda’a.
2. Khadrah Campaign (In Sha‘ban month 8 AH)
led successfully by Abu Qatadah, at the head of fifteen men, against Bani
Ghatafan.

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Life in Madina
Prelude to Conquest of Mecca
 After the Treaty of Hudaibiya (Dhul Qadah, 6AH), Banu Bakr joined the Quraish
and the Banu Khuza’a had entered into an alliance with the Prophet (s).
 In 8 AH, the Banu Bakr, aided by the Quraish, raided the Banu Khuza'a and
killed many of their members who had taken refuge in the Holy Sanctuary.
This was a breach of the Treaty, as one of the clauses was 'An attack on an
ally of the party, will be considered an attack on the party itself'.
 The aggrieved party sought justice and the Prophet (s) offered the Quraish 3
alternatives:
 Dissolve their alliance with the Banu Bakr.
 Compensate by paying blood money.
 Consider that the treaty stood dissolved.
 The Quraish chose the third alternative after Abu Sufyan’s futile visit to Madina.
Thus, the Prophet (s) was left with 'no alternative' but to march on Mecca.

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Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca
 On 10th
of Ramadan, 8 AH, the Prophet (s), along with 100,000 men marched
to Mecca.
 At Al-Juhfah, Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib and his family joined Islam.
 At Al-Abwa, the Muslims came across Abu Sufyan and Abdullah bin Omaiyah,
the Prophet’s cousins, but they were not welcomed.
 Ali (ra) addressed Abu Sufyan to go and beseech the Prophet (s) for pardon
in a manner similar to that of Prophet Yusuf’s brothers:
 Accepting Ali’s (ra) counsel, Abu Sufyan recited some verses paying a
generous tribute to the Prophet (s) and professing Islam as his only religion
 At Al-Qadeed, where water was available and there they broke fast and
resumed their march towards Mar Az-Zahran
 At Mar Az Zahran, the Prophet (s) ordered fires lit on all sides for the Quraish to
assess the army which they faced, lest they endanger their lives by leaping
blindly into battle.

135
Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca
 Under the prevailing compelling circumstances, Abu Sufyan went in the
company of Abbas (ra) seeking the Prophet’s (s) audience.
- the archenemy of Islam began to beseech the Prophet (s) in the most earnest
words and begged for pardon and forgiveness, and professed Islam.
 On the morning of Tuesday, 17th Ramadan, 8 AH, the Prophet (s) left Mar Az-
Zahran ordering Abbas (ra) to detain Abu Sufyan so that he could afford a full
view of the Muslim army on its way towards Mecca.
- The Prophet (s) gave orders that no old or sick man, children, men who
dropped their arms, men who stayed in their homes, or people who stayed in
Abu Sufyan’s home were to be harmed and no trees were to be cut.
Thus, there was no bloodshed in the conquest.

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Life in Madina
Entry into Mecca
 Khalid bin Al-Waleed led the right flank of the army and entered Mecca through
its lower avenues.
 Az-Zubair bin Awwam led the left flank and entered Mecca from the upper side.
 Abu Ubaidah commanded the infantry and entered Mecca via a side valley.
 They were given full and decisive orders not to kill unless in self defence.
 The Prophet (s) entered Mecca through Kada (the upper part) reciting Surat-al-
Fath in a vibrant quivering tone.
 Safwan Ibn Umayyah, Ikrimah Ibn Abi Jahl and Suhail Ibn Amr had gathered
some men in Al-Khandama and fought with the Muslims lead by Khalid.
- one of Khalid's horsemen, was killed, and the polytheists lost about 12 or 13
men before they fled.

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Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca
.
 Killing of 9 arch-criminals was declared lawful even under the curtains of the
Kaaba but only 4 of them were killed while the others were pardoned.
 Abdul Uzza bin Khatal, Miqyas bin Sababa, Huwairith and one woman singer
were put to death
 The Prophet (s) offered prayers of thanks to Allah and then accompanied by the
Helpers and Emigrants, proceeded towards Kaaba.
 The Kaaba was infested with idols that numbered 360 which he knocked down
with his bow while reciting :
And say: Truth hath come and falsehood hath vanished away.
Lo ! falsehood is ever bound to vanish.
(Surah Isra, verse 81)

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Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca
 He (s) performed the circumambulation on his ride and entered the Kaaba and
saw images of Prophets Ibrahim (s) and Ishmael (s) throwing divination arrows.
- He (s) denounced these acts of Quraish and ordered that all idols be
dismantled, images and effigies deleted.
- facing the wall opposite the door, the Prophet (s) performed devout
prostrations, and went around acclaiming Allah’s Greatness and Oneness.
 Shortly afterwards, he stood at the door and addressed the Quraish.
 The responsibility of keeping the key of the Ka‘bah and supplying of water to
pilgrims, was entrusted to Uthman bin Talhah and his descendants for ever.
 When the time for prayer approached, Bilal ascended the Kaaba and called for
prayer.

139
Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca
 The Prophet (s) entered Umm Hani’s house where he washed and offered
prayers of victory.
 Every attempt was made to grant pardon to people. Notable examples :
o Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl, who had attacked Khalid;
o Wahshi, the murderer of Hamza (ra), the Prophet’s uncle;
o Hind, who had chewed Hamza’s (ra) liver;
o Habar, who had attacked the Prophet’s daughter with a spear, while on her way
from Makkah to Madinah, so grievously that she ultimately died of the injuries.
o Safwan bin Omaiyah
o Fudalah bin Umair, who had attempted to assassinate the Prophet (s) while
circumambulating in the Holy Sanctuary.
The Prophet’s matchless tolerance and broad-mindedness instigated by
his mission as ‘A mercy to all people’, converted many.

140
Life in Madina
Conquest of Mecca : Day 2
 On the second day, the Prophet (s) addressed the people in matters relating to
the holy status of Mecca.
 Mecca was declared a holy land until the Day of Judgement.
 Any bloodshed therein was forbidden.
 It was forbidden to uproot its shrubs or to cut its trees, or to chase its game, or to
pick up its fallen things except by a person who would announce that publicly.
 People of Madina were assured that the Prophet (s) “had lived with them and
would die with them”.
 The Meccans realized that the only way to success lay in the avenue of Islam.
 They complied with the new realities and gathered to pledge fealty to the
Prophet (s), first the men followed later by the women.

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Life in Madina
After the Conquest (End of Second Stage)
 The Prophet (s) stayed in Mecca for 19 days and guided people to the orthodox
path.
 The Prophet (s) began to dispatch platoons aiming at eliminating the last
symbols reminiscent of pre-Islamic practices viz
 Khalid bin Al-Waleed led 30 horsemen, in Ramadan 8 AH, to Nakhlah where
there was a goddess called Al-Uzza venerated by Quraish and Kinanah tribes
 In the same month, Amr bin Al-As was sent to destroy another idol, venerated by
Hudhail, called Suwa.
 Sa‘d bin Zaid Al-Ashhali sent in Ramadan to Al-Mashallal to destroy an idol,
Manat, venerated by both Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj tribes.
 Khalid bin Al-Waleed with 350 horsemen dispatched in 8 AH to Bani Khuzaimah
where many tribesman are killed much to the Prophet’s displeasure.
The entire post-Hudaibiya phase had been in favour of the new Islamic
movement with many embracing Islam and then carrying it to different
quarters for propagation.

142
SiratSirat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
The
Madinian Period
(Third Stage)

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Life in Madina
The Third Stage
 The third and last stage of the Prophet’s life (s) embodies the fruitful results of
his call to Islam over 20 years.
 The conquest of Mecca affected and altered the whole of Arabia.
- Quraish, were considered the defenders and helpers of Arabs.
(other Arab tribes were only their ancillaries)
- The submission of Quraish was, therefore, regarded to be a final elimination
of paganism in the Arabian Peninsula.
 The Third stage can be divided into two main phases:
1. The Phase of Holy wars and fighting.
2. The Phase of the tribes and people’s race to embrace Islam.

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Life in Madina
The Battle of Hunain
 The conquest of Mecca astounded the Arabs, who realized that they had to
submit to the new situation as a fait accompli.
 But the Hawazin and Thaqif, under Malik bin Awf, opted to fight the Muslims.
- they took their wealth, women and children along with them to Awtas, which
is a valley near Hunain.
- 19 days after entering Mecca, the Prophet (s) led 12,000 Muslims.
(2000 were new Meccan converts) against the 2 tribes.
 In the valley of Hunain, 10th
Shawwal, 8 AH : after a fierce onslaught by enemy
archers, the Muslim army fled in despair.
- The Prophet (s) gathered the Muslims and returns to the battlefield.
- after fierce fighting, 70 of Thaqif were killed. The Muslims won and took all
their wealth, women and children as war booty.

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Life in Madina
 After the defeat, some enemy troops fled to Nakhlah and Awtas but were routed by
pursuing Muslims.
- the Chief of Hawazin, Malik bin Awf, with a group of idolaters took refuge in Ta’if.
 The war booty was 6000 captives, 24000 camels; over 40000 sheep and 4000
silver ounces. (The largest ever)
- The Prophets (s) foster sister, Shaima, was taken captive but was released.
- the captives and spoils of Hunain were kept in safe custody at Ji’ranah.
 The Prophet (s) lay siege to Ta’if and threatened to burn the cultivation to destroy
their economy but did not as the enemy requested him not to !
- 23 men surrendered at the Prophets (s) offer of amnesty and were set free.
- the siege was lifted after about 10 - 20 days after it was regarded as futile.

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Life in Madina
 At Ji’ranah, distribution of booty delayed for over 10 nights due to the Prophets
(s) hope that Hawazin’s delegation might arrive and repent and reclaim their
loss.
- seeing that none arrived, he divided the booty chiefly among the Meccans and
the new converts. (thus reinforcing their conversion)
- the Ansars were irked at this but were won over by the Prophets (s)
convincing argument and moving speech.
 Hawazin’s delegation arrived, just after the distribution of spoils and asked him
to bestow upon them their wealth and family members .
- The Prophet (s) asked them to choose between the two and they chose family
all of whom were returned.
The city of Tai’f surrendered after a few months and accepted Islam when it
became evident that further resistance was futile.

147
Life in Madina
 Having distributed the spoils at Ji‘ranah, the Prophet (s) proceeded to Mecca to
perform Umrah.
- He (s) returned to Madina in the last week of Dhul-Qa‘dah, 8 AH after appointing
Itab bin Usaid, Governor of Mecca.
- after the conquest of Mecca, people began to embrace Islam in large
numbers.
 In Madina, the Prophet (s) received delegates of various tribes and in
Moharram, 9 AH; dispatched various Sahaba (ra) to preach Islam to them viz :
1. Uyaina bin Hisn to Bani Tamim
2. Yazeed bin Husain to Aslam and Ghifar
3. Abbad bin Bishr Al-Ashhali to Sulaim and Muzainah
4. Rafi‘ bin Mukaith to Juhainah

148
Life in Madina
After Conquest of Mecca
5. Amr bin Al-‘As to Bani Fazarah
6. Ad-Dahhak bin Sufyan to Bani
Kilab
7. Basheer bin Sufyan to Bani Ka‘b
8. Ibn Al-Lutabiyah Al-Azdi to Bani
Dhubyan
9. Al-Muhajir bin Abi Omaiyah to
Sana‘a’
10. Ziyad bin Labid to Hadramout
11. Adi bin Hatim to Tai’ and Bani
Asad
12. Malik bin Nuwairah to Bani
Hanzalah
13. Az-Zabraqan bin Badr to Bani
Sa‘d
14. Qais bin ‘Asim to Bani Sa‘d
15. Al- Ala’ bin Al-Hadrami to Al-
Bahrain
16. Ali bin Abi Talib to Najran (to
collect Sadaqa & Jizya)

149
Life in Madina
After Conquest of Mecca
 Military action was also a necessity for the maintenance of security and
discipline in Arabia, specially among the newly converted tribes.
1. Uyaina bin Hisn Al-Fazari’s platoon against the Bani Tamin in Muharram,
9 AH; as the tribe had stopped paying tribute (Al-Jizya). They were defeated
and ultimately repented.
2. Dahhak bin Sufyan Al-Kilabi sent to convert the Bani Kilab in Rabi Al-Awwal,
9AH. The mission was successful after a brief skirmish.
3. Alqamah bin Mujazziz Al-Mudlaji led 300 men and scattered Abyssinian
pirates terrorizing the shores of Jeddah.
4. Qutbah bin Amir with 20 men raided Khath‘am, in Safar, 9 AH.
5. Ali bin Abi Talib (ra) with 150 men sent to demolish Al-Qullus, an idol of the
Tai’ tribe in Rabi Al-Awwal, 9 AH.
People started to embrace Islam,
in great numbers and all domestic troubles came to an end.

150
Life in Madina
The Invasion of Tabuk
 The Byzantine power (the greatest military force at that time) showed an
unjustifiable opposition towards Muslims.
- they had already killed the Prophet’s (s), ambassador Al-Harith bin Umair Al-
Azdi.
 Although Muslim forces under Zaid bin Harithah could not have revenge, the
confrontation at Mu’tah had made a great impression on all Arabs.
- Caesar had concluded that demolition of the Muslims power had become
an urgent necessity lest they become too powerful.
- he had mustered a huge army of the Byzantines and the pro-Roman
Ghassanide tribes to fight a decisive battle against the Muslims.
- news of the Byzantine’s preparation for a decisive invasion against
Muslims reached Madina causing great panic.
- the Hypocrites exploited this opportunity to conspire against the Muslims.

151
Life in Madina
 The Hypocrites erected a hotbed of conspiracy and intrigue in the form of a
mosque — Masjid Zarar (the mosque of harm).
- they requested the Prophet (s) to consecrate the mosque by praying in it
himself as he was about to start for Tabuk.
- The Prophet (s) came to know through Divine Revelation that it was not a
mosque for devotion but a meeting place for the anti-Islamic elements.
- on his return, therefore, the Prophet (s) sent a party to demolish it.
 The Prophet (s) announced openly his intention of meeting the Byzantines and
fighting them.
- The Muslims raced to join and wholeheartedly gave wealth, none abstained
except the Hypocrites.
- The Prophet led the army of 30,000 in Rajab, 9 AH.

152
Life in Madina
 Upon learning of the Muslims’ march, the Byzantines and their allies were so
terrified that none of them dared set out to fight.
- they scattered inside their territory and it brought, in itself, a good credit to the
Muslim forces.
- the political profits obtained, were far better than the ones they could have
acquired had the 2 armies engaged in military confrontation.
 The local tribes (Ailah, Jardah and Adhruh) gave their allegiance to the Prophet
(s) and agreed to pay the Jizyah.
- The Prophet (s) dispatched Khalid bin Al-Waleed and some men to capture
Ukaidir Dumat Al-Jandal (Chief of Dummat Al Jandal), who made peace .
The strategic long term consequence were that many Arab tribes
abandoned the Byzantines and joined the Prophet (s),
enlarging the Muslim state.

153
Life in Madina
Return from Tabuk
 The army returned victorious from Tabuk and on the way back 12 Hypocrites tried
to kill the Prophet’s (s).
- Hudhaifa, who was sent by the Prophet (s) to see what was going on, saw them
but they fled away.
- their identities were revealed by the Prophet (s) to him. (Hudhaifa was thence
called the "confidant" of the Messenger of Allah).
 The Prophet’s (s) march to Tabuk was in Rajab and his return in Ramadan.
- this Ghazwa took 50 days (20 spent in Tabuk and the rest spent travelling)
 The army was joyously welcomed in Madina on its return.
Tabuk was the last Ghazwa of the Prophet (s) and nobody had stayed behind
except those who had a serious excuse or the Hypocrites.

154
Life in Madina
Return from Tabuk
 As soon as the Prophet (s) had entered Madina, he prayed 2 Rak‘a then he sat
down to receive his people.
- the Hypocrites (over 80 men) offered various excuses which were accepted
and the Prophet (s) entrusted their inner thoughts and Faith to Allah.
- the 3 believers who stayed behind (Ka‘b bin Malik, Murara bin Ar-
Rabi and Hilal bin Omaiyah) were ostracized but they too were forgiven after
50 days following a Revelation.

155
Life in Madina
Consequences of Tabuk
It was obvious that no power but Islam would survive among the Arabs.
1. The Jahiliyin & Hypocrites, who used to conspire against Muslims, under
Byzantine support, lost their expectations of ever reclaiming their one time
influence.
- realizing their hopeless situation they gave up their plottings.
2. The Hypocrites were no longer treated leniently.
- Allah not only bade Muslims to treat them severely but also forbade
them to take their charities or perform prayer on their dead, or ask
Allah’s forgiveness for them or even visit their tombs.
3. The Prophet (s) ordered the Muslims to demolish Masjid e Zarar.
4. Qur’anic verses revealed the Hypocrites publicly and utterly so that
everybody in Madina got to know their reality.
5. Deputations visited the Prophet (s) in greatest number after Tabuk.

156
Life in Madina
Other Events in 9 AH
1. The sworn allegation of infidelity between Uwaimir Al- Ajlani and his wife
took place.
2. The Ghamidiyah woman who confessed to adultery, was pelted with stones
only after weaning her child off her breast milk.
3. Negus Ashama, the king of Abyssinia, died so the Prophet (s) performed
prayer in absentia for him.
4. Umm Kulthum, the Prophet’s daughter passed away. The Prophet (s) told
Uthman (ra). "Had I a third daughter, I would let you marry her."
5. Abdullah bin Abi Salool (the head of Hypocrites) died, after Tabuk.
- The Prophet (s) asked Allah’s forgiveness for him & also prayed for him in
spite of Umar’s (ra) disapproval and his attempt to prevent him from doing
so
- later a verse was revealed attesting to Umar’s (ra) correct point of view

157
Life in Madina
Abu Bakr (ra) leads the Haj
 In Dhul-Qa‘dah or Dhul-Hijjah of 9 AH, the Prophet (s) appointed Abu Bakr (ra),
as the leader of the Muslims in performing the Haj.
 Ali (ra) sent to Mecca just after the pilgrims left, following a Revelation about
covenant with idolaters.
 Ali (ra) declared quittance from covenants with idolaters after giving them 4
months respite to reconsider their position.
 As for idolaters with whom the believers had a treaty and had abated nothing of
the Muslims’ rights nor had supported any enemy, then the terms of the treaty
would run valid until their duration expired.
 It was declared that no disbeliever would after that year perform pilgrimage, nor
would anyone be allowed to make the Tawaf unclothed.
The proclamations vetoed all aspects of paganism out of Arabia and stated
unequivocally that pre-Islam practices were no longer in operation.

158
Life in Madina
Success & Impact of Islam
 The Islamic Call eventually prevailed all over Arabia and it removed all traces of
Jahiliyah, equality and justice were the norm.
 Idol-worship was totally abolished and the call of "there is no god but Allah“
prevailed.
 The calls to prayers were heard 5 times a day, regular prayers and Zakat
established.
 Reciters and memorizers of the Quran set out reciting verses of the Quran and
carrying out Allah’s injunctions.
 Under Islam all Arabs were united and purged of arrogance and boastful spirit.
Thanks to these evolutions, Arabia witnessed
an unprecedented blessed resurrection

159
Life in Madina
The Farewell Pilgrimage
 Allah had willed the Prophet (s) to see the fruits of his Call for the sake of which
he had suffered for over 20 years.
 Gabriel came to the Prophet (s) every year to read the Quran with him, but
in 10 AH he came twice. The Prophet (s) inferred that his end was near.
 Announcing his intention for Haj (his first), he (s) set out from Madina on
Saturday, 25th
Dhul Qadah ,10 AH; after performing Zuhr prayers and giving a
sermon explaining the essentials of Ihram.
- The Prophet (s) entered Mecca on 4th
Dhul Hijjah
- Performed (Qiran) Haj (surah an Nasr revealed during days of Tashreeq)
- In Arafat, the Prophet (s) addressed a gathering of more than 120,000
pilgrims and gave his famous Last Sermon.
- He left for Madina after completing all the rituals.

160
Quran
Surah An Nasr
When Allah's succour and the triumph cometh
And thou seest mankind entering the religion of Allah in troops,
Then hymn the praises of thy Lord, and seek forgiveness of Him. Lo! He is ever
ready to show mercy.
The Sahaba (ra) understood that this Revelation (surah an Nasr during
days of Tashreeq) signified completion of the Prophets (s) mission.

161
Life in Madina
Indisposition
 The Revelation of surah An-Nasr during At-Tashreeq Days hinted at his
approaching death.
 In early Safar,11 AH, the Prophet (s) went to Uhud and observed a farewell
prayer to the martyrs.
 He then ascended the pulpit and addressed the people saying:
"I am to precede you and I have been made witness upon you. By Allah, you will
meet me at the ‘Fountain’ very soon ……..
 On Monday, 29 Safar, 11 AH, he participated in funeral rites in Al-Baqee. On the
way back he had a headache and developed very high fever
- He led the Muslims in prayer for 11 days despite illness.
(the total days of his illness were either 13 or 14)

162
Life in Madina
The Last Expedition
 Due to previous hostilities of the Byzantines, the Prophet (s) had mobilized a
large army in early Safar, 11 AH; under the command of Osamah bin Zaid bin
Haritha.
- His aim was to terrorize the Byzantines and to instill confidence into the hearts
of Arabs who were settled at the borders.
- news about the Prophet’s sickness, however, made the expedition tarry in
order to know what Allah had willed as regards His Messenger (s).
- it was Allah’s Will that Osamah’s expedition would be the first one dispatched
during the Caliphate of the veracious Abu Bakr (ra).
(Sahih Al-Bukhari 2/612)

163
Life in Madina
Indisposition
 The Prophet (s) moved to Aisha’s (ra) room leaning on Al-Fadl bin Al- Abbas
and Ali bin Abi Talib (ra). (spent the last week of his life here)
- His head was bandaged and he dragged his feet till he came into her abode.
- during that period, Aisha (ra) used to recite Al-Mu‘awwidhat (surah 113 & 114)
and other supplications which he had already taught her.
 On Wednesday, 5 days before he died the Prophet’s fever increased
 He fainted and suffered from pain and had water poured on him.
 Feeling well enough and entering the Mosque, He sat on the pulpit and made a
short speech saying "Do not make my tomb a worshipped idol" and then he
invited the people to repay any injuries he might have inflicted on them

164
Life in Madina
Indisposition
 On Thursday, 4 days before his death, the Prophet (s) said (despite severe pain)
"Come here. I will cause you to write something so that you will never fall into
error."
 Upon this Umar (ra) said: "The Prophet of Allah (s) is suffering from acute pain
and you have the Quran with you; the Book of Allah is sufficient unto you."
 Others however wanted the writing to be made but when he (s) heard them
debating over it, he ordered them to go away and leave him alone.
 Despite the strain of disease and the pain, the Prophet (s) led all the prayers
till Thursday ie four days before he died.

165
Life in Madina
Indisposition
 Because of the repeated fainting spells he sent Abu Bakr (ra) to lead the prayer.
(Abu Bakr (ra) led 17 prayers in the lifetime of Muhammad (s))
 On Saturday or Sunday, the Prophet (s) felt he was well enough to pray and he
led the prayer sitting down.
 On Sunday, a day before he died, the Prophet (s) set his slaves free, gave in
charity the 7 Dinars he owned and gave his weapons as a present to the
Muslims.
 Even his armour was mortgaged as a security with a Jew for thirty Sa‘ of barley.
 When night fell Aishah had to borrow some oil from her neighbour to light her oil-
lantern.

166
Life in Madina
Demise
 In a narration by Anas bin Malik, he said:
“While the Muslims were performing the dawn prayer on Monday led by Abu
Bakr (ra) , they were surprised to see the Prophet (s) raising the curtain of
Aisha’s room. He looked at them while they were praying aligned properly and
smiled cheerfully. Seeing him, Abu Bakr (ra) withdrew to join the lines and give
way to him to lead the prayer. For he thought that the Prophet (s) wanted to go
out and pray." Anas said: "The Muslims, who were praying, were so delighted
that they were almost too enraptured at their prayers. The Prophet (s) made
them a gesture to continue their prayer, went into the room and drew down the
curtain."
 The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) did not live for the
next prayer time.

167
Life in Madina
Incidents Before Demise
1. When it was day, the Prophet (s) called Fatimah (ra) and told her something
that made her cry. Then he whispered to her something else which made her
laugh.
Aisha (ra) enquired regarding this from her, to which she replied: "The first time
he disclosed to me that he would not recover from his illness and I wept. Then
he told me that I would be the first of his family to join him, so I laughed."
2. He asked that Al-Hasan and Al-Hussain be brought to him. He kissed them and
recommended that they be looked after.
3. He asked for his wives. They were brought to him and He preached them and
told them to remember Allah.
4. The pain grew very severe and the trace of poison he had at Khaibar came to
light. It was so sore that he said to Aisha (ra) : "I still feel the painful effect of
that food I tasted at Khaibar. I feel as if death is approaching.”
5. He ordered the people to perform the prayers and be attentive to slaves. He
repeated it several times.

168
Life in Madina
Incidents Before Demise
6. When the pangs of death started, Aisha (ra) leant him against her. She used
to say : “One of Allah’s bounties upon me is that the Prophet (s) died in my
house, while I am still alive. He died between my chest and neck while he was
leaning against me.”
7. Abdur Rahman, son of Abu Bakr (ra), came in with a Siwak, in his hand, which
Aisha (ra) softened and the Prophet (s) passed on his teeth.
8. Aisha (ra) heard him say: "With those on whom You have bestowed Your
Grace with the Prophets and the Truthful ones, the martyrs and the good
doers. O Allah, forgive me and have mercy upon me and join me to the
Companionship on high."
9. Then at intervals he uttered these words: "The most exalted Companionship
on high. To Allah we turn and to Him we turn back for help and last abode."

169
Life in Madina
Incidents After Demise
 These events took place in the early morning hours of Monday, 12 Rabi Al-
Awwal, 11 AH.
 He was 63 years old when he passed away.
 The great (loss) news was soon known by everybody in Madina, all were grief
stricken.
 Umar (ra), was so stunned that he did not believe the news and almost lost
consciousness.
 Abu Bakr (ra) arrived and uncovered the Prophets (s) face and kissed him, cried
and said :
"I sacrifice my father and mother for your sake. Allah, verily, will not cause
you to die twice. You have just experienced the death that Allah had
ordained."

170
Life in Madina
Abu Bakr’s (ra) address
 Abu Bakr (ra) went out, calmed Umar (ra) and addressed the people saying:
"And now, he who worships Muhammad (s). Muhammad is dead now. But
he who worships Allah, He is Ever Living and He never dies. Allah says:
Muhammad is but a messenger, messengers (the like of whom) have passed
away before him. Will it be that, when he dieth or is slain, ye will turn back
on your heels? He who turneth back on his heels doth no hurt to Allah, and
Allah will reward the thankful.
(Surah Aal Imran:144)

171
Life in Madina
Obsequies
 The successor to the Prophet (s) had to be chosen quickly to prevent hostilities
from breaking out and to prevent any plotting by the Hypocrites.
- arguments and discussions took place between the Helpers and Emigrants
and finally Abu Bakr (ra) was unanimously elected the first Caliph.
 The whole of Monday till dawn of Tuesday was spent thus with the Prophet’s
blessed body lying on his bed covered with an inked-garment locked in the
room.
 On Tuesday, the Prophet’s body was washed with the clothes on by Al- Abbas,
Ali (ra), Al-Fadl and Qathm (sons of Al- Abbas) and Shaqran (the Prophet’s
freed slave), Osamah bin Zaid and Aws bin Khauli.
- Al- Abbas, Al-Fadl and Qathm turned his body round, whereas Osamah and
Shaqran poured out water.
- Ali (ra) washed him with water and berry leaves and Aws leant him against
his chest.
.

172
Life in Madina
Obsequies
 They shrouded him in 3 white Yemeni cotton sheets with neither a turban nor a
shirt (Sahih Al-Bukhari 1/169).
 Regarding the place of burial, Abu Bakr (ra) said: "I heard the Messenger of
Allah (s) say: ‘A dead Prophet is buried where he dies.’
 So Abu Talhah lifted the bed on which he died, dug underneath and cut the
ground to make the tomb. (A Lahd type of grave)
 People entered the room in groups of ten to pray for the Prophet (s).
- they prayed the funeral prayer individually without an Imam to lead the prayer.
- the first to pray for him were people of his tribe, then the Emigrants, then the
Helpers. Women prayed for him after men and the young were the last.
The obsequies lasted all Tuesday and most of Wednesday until nightfall.

173
SiratSirat
NabawiyyaNabawiyya
Conclusion

174
ConclusionConclusion
 Prophet Muhammad (p) was by far the most remarkable man that
ever set foot on this earth.
 He was born in Mecca in 571 AD.
 Started his mission of preaching the religion, “submission to One
God” at the age of 40 and departed from this world at the age of
63.
 He preached a religion, founded a state, built a nation, laid down a
moral code and initiated numerous social and political reforms.
 He established a powerful and dynamic society to practice and
represent his teachings.
 He completely revolutionized human thought and behavior for all
times to come.

175
ConclusionConclusion
 During this short period of 23 years, he completely changed the
Arabian peninsula
 From paganism and idolatry to submission to the One True God
 From tribal quarrels and wars to national solidarity and cohesion
 From drunkenness and debauchery to sobriety and piety
 From lawlessness and anarchy to disciplined living
 From moral bankruptcy to the acme of moral excellence
Human history has never known such a complete transformation of a
society or a place before or since – and all these unbelievable wonders in
just over two decades !

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