Selection sort

Selection sort
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Selection sort

Class Sorting algorithm
Data structure Array
Worst case performance О(n2)
Best case performance О(n2)
Average case performance О(n2)
Worst case space О(n) total, O(1)
complexity auxiliary

Selection Sort Animation

In computer science, a Selection sort is a sorting algorithm, specifically an in-place
comparison sort. It has O(n2) time complexity, making it inefficient on large lists, and
generally performs worse than the similar insertion sort. Selection sort is noted for its
simplicity, and also has performance advantages over more complicated algorithms in
certain situations, particularly where auxiliary memory is limited.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Algorithm
• 2 Mathematical definition
• 3 Analysis
• 4 Comparison to other sorting algorithms
• 5 Variants
• 6 References

• 7 External links

[edit] Algorithm
The algorithm works as follows:

1. Find the minimum value in the list
2. Swap it with the value in the first position
3. Repeat the steps above for the remainder of the list (starting at the second position
and advancing each time)

Effectively, the list is divided into two parts: the sublist of items already sorted, which is
built up from left to right and is found at the beginning, and the sublist of items remaining
to be sorted, occupying the remainder of the array.

Here is an example of this sort algorithm sorting five elements:

64 25 12 22 11

11 25 12 22 64

11 12 25 22 64

11 12 22 25 64

11 12 22 25 64

(nothing appears changed on this last line because the last 2 numbers were already in
order)

Selection sort can also be used on list structures that make add and remove efficient, such
as a linked list. In this case it is more common to remove the minimum element from the
remainder of the list, and then insert it at the end of the values sorted so far. For example:

64 25 12 22 11

11 64 25 12 22

11 12 64 25 22

11 12 22 64 25

11 12 22 25 64
/* a[0] to a[n-1] is the array to sort */
int iPos;
int iMin;

/* advance the position through the entire array */
/* (could do iPos < n-1 because single element is also min element) */
for (iPos = 0; iPos < n; iPos++) {
/* find the min element in the unsorted a[iPos .. n-1] */

/* assume the min is the first element */
iMin = iPos;
/* test against all other elements */
for (int i = iPos+1; i < n; i++) {
/* if this element is less, then it is the new minimum */
if (a[i] < a[iMin]) {

/* found new minimum; remember its index */
iMin = i;
}
}

/* iMin is the index of the minimum element. Swap it with the
current position */
if ( iMin != iPos ) {
swap(a, iPos, iMin);
}
}

[edit] Mathematical definition
Let be a non-empty set and such that where:

1. is a permutation of ,
2. for all and ,

3. ,
4. is the smallest element of , and
5. is the set of elements of without one instance of the smallest element of .

[edit] Analysis
Selection sort is not difficult to analyze compared to other sorting algorithms since none
of the loops depend on the data in the array. Selecting the lowest element requires
scanning all n elements (this takes n − 1 comparisons) and then swapping it into the first
position. Finding the next lowest element requires scanning the remaining n − 1 elements
and so on, for (n − 1) + (n − 2) + ... + 2 + 1 = n(n − 1) / 2 ∈ Θ(n2) comparisons (see
arithmetic progression). Each of these scans requires one swap for n − 1 elements (the
final element is already in place).

[edit] Comparison to other sorting algorithms
Among simple average-case Θ(n2) algorithms, selection sort almost always outperforms
bubble sort and gnome sort, but is generally outperformed by insertion sort. Insertion sort
is very similar in that after the kth iteration, the first k elements in the array are in sorted
order. Insertion sort's advantage is that it only scans as many elements as it needs in order
to place the k + 1st element, while selection sort must scan all remaining elements to find
the k + 1st element.

Simple calculation shows that insertion sort will therefore usually perform about half as
many comparisons as selection sort, although it can perform just as many or far fewer
depending on the order the array was in prior to sorting. It can be seen as an advantage

for some real-time applications that selection sort will perform identically regardless of
the order of the array, while insertion sort's running time can vary considerably.
However, this is more often an advantage for insertion sort in that it runs much more
efficiently if the array is already sorted or "close to sorted."

While selection sort is preferable to insertion sort in terms of number of writes (Θ(n)
swaps versus Ο(n2) swaps), it almost always far exceeds (and never beats) the number of
writes that cycle sort makes, as cycle sort is theoretically optimal in the number of writes.
This can be important if writes are significantly more expensive than reads, such as with
EEPROM or Flash memory, where every write lessens the lifespan of the memory.

Finally, selection sort is greatly outperformed on larger arrays by Θ(n log n) divide-and-
conquer algorithms such as mergesort. However, insertion sort or selection sort are both
typically faster for small arrays (i.e. fewer than 10–20 elements). A useful optimization in
practice for the recursive algorithms is to switch to insertion sort or selection sort for
"small enough" sublists.

[edit] Variants
Heapsort greatly improves the basic algorithm by using an implicit heap data structure to
speed up finding and removing the lowest datum. If implemented correctly, the heap will
allow finding the next lowest element in Θ(log n) time instead of Θ(n) for the inner loop
in normal selection sort, reducing the total running time to Θ(n log n).

A bidirectional variant of selection sort, called cocktail sort, is an algorithm which finds
both the minimum and maximum values in the list in every pass. This reduces the number
of scans of the list by a factor of 2, eliminating some loop overhead but not actually
decreasing the number of comparisons or swaps. Note, however, that cocktail sort more
often refers to a bidirectional variant of bubble sort.

Selection sort can be implemented as a stable sort. If, rather than swapping in step 2, the
minimum value is inserted into the first position (that is, all intervening items moved
down), the algorithm is stable. However, this modification either requires a data structure
that supports efficient insertions or deletions, such as a linked list, or it leads to
performing Θ(n2) writes.

In the bingo sort variant, items are ordered by repeatedly looking through the remaining
items to find the greatest value and moving all items with that value to their final
location.[1] Like counting sort, this is an efficient variant if there are many duplicate
values. Indeed, selection sort does one pass through the remaining items for each item
moved. Bingo sort does one pass for each value (not item): after an initial pass to find the
biggest value, the next passes can move every item with that value to its final location
while finding the next value as in the following pseudocode (arrays are zero-based and
the for-loop includes both the top and bottom limits, as in Pascal):

bingo(array A)

{ This procedure sorts in ascending order. }
begin
max := length(A)-1;

{ The first iteration is written to look very similar to the
subsequent ones, but
without swaps. }
nextValue := A[max];
for i := max - 1 downto 0 do
if A[i] > nextValue then
nextValue := A[i];
while (max > 0) and (A[max] = nextValue) do
max := max - 1;

while max > 0 do begin
value := nextValue;
nextValue := A[max];
for i := max - 1 downto 0 do
if A[i] = value then begin
swap(A[i], A[max]);
max := max - 1;
end else if A[i] > nextValue then
nextValue := A[i];
while (max > 0) and (A[max] = nextValue) do
max := max - 1;
end;
end;

Selection sort

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