SEM 5 - T.T- Week 4

SEM 5 - T.T- Week 4

• 1.
  APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 1  About the concept of appropriate technology within the context of developing nation in order to understand the characteristics of technology that play very significant role towards the success of technology transfer.  Further discussions are about the assessment, relevant approach, government policies, and integration aspects follows by other issues related to the appropriate technology
• 2.
  Concept Of Appropriateness 2  The concept of „appropriate‟ technology is the limited relevance to industrialized country of its structural, socio-cultural and techno- economic of developing countries.  Developing nation has to skip some of the five stages in innovation theory  Method that suite for developed countries may not suite the developing countries
• 3.
  Definition 3  Appropriate technology is the choices of right technology to be transfer in order to catalyze growth that appropriate the environment strategically and to be utilized into several areas such as:  Technological  Techno-economics  National aggregate capability  Socio-cultural  Political  Environmental  Legal
• 4.
  Ranges 4  There are a few ranges concern in the context of appropriate technology as follows:  Labor intensive  Low technology  Knowledge-based on expert system/soft technologies  Improper transfer of technology to developing countries causes many social, cultural, political, environmental, regional and economic problems.
• 5.
  5  The success in technology transfer is related to the appropriateness of the transferred technology.  There are three methods for adapting technology to be more appropriate to the developing country condition:  Downscaling of large-scale technology  Upgrading of traditional technology  Adaptation of imported technology
• 6.
  Criteria For Appropriate 6 Technology  Normally there is no “one size fits all” solution  The appropriateness should be determined by:  Acceptability  Adaptation  Institutionalization  Goals of a society rather than the function of the technology  Achieve a self-reliance and increase in domestic technology development
• 7.
  7  An appropriate technology for developing countries should satisfy seven important criteria:  Effectiveness: fulfill its purpose  Affordability: trade-offs between cost and effectiveness  Cultural acceptability: fit the local user  Local sustainability: not be over-dependent to imported skills  Efficiency: more efficient than others  Measurability: impact and performance needs evaluation  Political responsibility: political stable and not altering the political balance
• 8.
  Assessment Of Appropriate 8 Technology  Firm level  Limited to monetary cost-benefit assessment (quantitative) that will isolated from socio- cultural, technical and regional environment (subjective)  Economic, social, environment and anthropocentric factors often excluded  Lacking of guidelines and non-quantifiable factors  Shortage of data and information
• 9.
  Appropriate Context For 9 Developed Nation  Free from outside forces  Dynamism of innovation  Self-originate potential  R&D and pure research activities at heart of research  Enable to integrate production system in developing nation  Can control transfer process
• 10.
  Appropriate Context For 10 Developing Nation  The appropriate context for developing countries is heavily depend on economic assessment  North countries (developed)  Technology competitiveness  Innovation  South countries (developing)  Technology development  Technology transfer
• 11.
  Machine-Intensive And Labor- 11 Intensive Approach  Machine-intensive approach views as:  Using imported technology, urban-based, large-scale industries  Arguments:  Huge scarce of foreign capital involvement by nation that has vast cheap labor forces  Issues of unemployment rates and wages  Intermediate technology
• 12.
  Advance and Machine- 12 Intensive Technologies  Developing countries implement labor- intensive.  But, proven that less developing nation is successful in implement large-scale machine-intensive.  The arguments should be discussed:  Size of investment  Increase the science and technology gap between developed and developing nation  Initiate inward technical and technological convergence between developing nation
• 13.
  Reasons Of Exercising 13 Machine-Intensive Technology  Automation erodes low labor cost in business and manufacture may possible in developed nation  Technology increases the efficiency, lowering the cost of managing information  In products and processes, industry are crossing boarder and into high technology category  Creating new opportunities as a result of losing production flexibility and innovation capability