Download as PDF, PPTX
More Related Content
![Sex hormones and oral contraceptive [autosaved]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/sexhormonesandoralcontraceptiveautosaved-210517091257-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Similar to Sex hormone disorders pathophysiology
Sex hormone disorders pathophysiology
- 1.
- 2. Introduction • Reproductive hormonesstimulate or control the sexual organs and reproductive systems in both men and women. • In women, hormones including estrogen, progesterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are vital to menstruation and pregnancy. • In men, sexual hormones are called androgens. • The main androgen is testosterone.
- 3. • Usually, endocrineglands keep reproductive hormones at the right levels, but many factors can cause hormone levels to be too high or too low. • This can lead to problems with sexual development, fertility and more.
- 4. Disorders 1. Erectile dysfunction 2.Gynacomastia 3. Hypogonadism 4. PCOS 5. Hirsutism
- 5. 1. Erectile dysfunction •Definition • “The consistent inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual intercourse” • Persistent or recurrent inability to attain, or to maintain until completion of the sexual activity, an adequate erection
- 6. • Penile erectionis a neurovascular event modulated by psychological factors and hormonal status. • On sexual stimulation, there is increased flow of blood into the lacunar network. • Subsequent compression of the trabecular smooth muscle causes a closure of the emissary veins and accumulation of blood in the corpora. The corpora becomes non- compressible and blood cannot escape.
- 7.
- 8. Symptoms • Erectile dysfunctionsymptoms might include persistent: • Trouble getting an erection • Trouble keeping an erection • Reduced sexual desire
- 9.
- 10. Risk Factors forED • Diabetes mellitus • Cardiovascular disease • Concurrence of other GU diseases • Psychiatric or psychological disorders • Chronic diseases • Smoking Medications • Hormonal factors also serve as well-defined risk factors
- 11. Diagnosis • Physical exam •Blood tests • Urine tests (urinalysis) • Ultrasound • Psychological exam
- 12. Complications • Complications resultingfrom erectile dysfunction can include: • An unsatisfactory sex life • Stress or anxiety • Embarrassment or low self-esteem • Relationship problems
- 13. 2. Gynecomastia • Gynecomastiais an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men, caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone.
- 14. Symptoms • Signs andsymptoms of gynecomastia include: • Swollen breast tissue • Breast tenderness
- 15. Causes • Gynecomastia istriggered by a decrease in the amount of the hormone testosterone compared with estrogen. • The decrease can be caused by conditions that block the effects of testosterone, reduce testosterone or increase estrogen level. • Most people think of estrogen as an exclusively female hormone, but men also produce it — though normally in small quantities. • Male estrogen levels that are too high or are out of balance with testosterone levels can cause gynecomastia.
- 16. Medications 1. Anti-androgens usedto treat an enlarged prostate, prostate cancer and other conditions. 2. Anabolic steroids and androgens, which are prescribed by doctors for certain conditions or are sometimes used illegally by athletes to build muscle and enhance performance. 3. AIDS medications. Gynecomastia can develop in men who are HIV-positive and receiving a treatment regimen called highly active antiretroviral therapy.
- 17. • Anti-anxiety medications,such as diazepam (Valium). • Tricyclic antidepressants. • Antibiotics. • Ulcer medications • Cancer treatment. • Heart medications (digoxin (Lanoxin) and calcium channel blockers) Drugs and alcohol • Alcohol • Amphetamines, used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder • Marijuana • Heroin • Methadone (Methadose, Dolophine)
- 18. Health conditions • Hypogonadism. •Aging. • Tumors. • Hyperthyroidism • Kidney failure • Liver failure and cirrhosis • Malnutrition and starvation
- 19. Risk factors • Adolescence •Older age • Use of anabolic steroids or androgens to enhance athletic performance • Certain health conditions, including liver and kidney disease, thyroid disease, hormonally active tumors, and Klinefelter syndrome
- 20. Complications • Gynecomastia hasfew physical complications, but it can cause psychological or emotional problems caused by appearance.
- 21. Diagnosis • Blood tests •Mammograms • Computerized tomography (CT) scans • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans • Testicular ultrasounds • Tissue biopsies
- 22. Medications • Medications usedto treat breast cancer and other conditions may be helpful for some men with gynecomastia. They include: • Tamoxifen (Soltamox) • Aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole (Arimidex)
- 23. 3. Hypogonadism • “Hypogonadismoccurs when sex glands produce little or no sex hormones” • The sex glands, also called gonads, are primarily the testes in men and the ovaries in women. • Sex hormones help control secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development in women, testicular development in men, and pubic hair growth. • Sex hormones also play a role in the menstrual cycle and sperm production.
- 24. Types of hypogonadism •Primary hypogonadism • Primary hypogonadism means that they don’t have enough sex hormones in their body due to a problem in gonads. • Gonads are still receiving the message to produce hormones from brain, but they aren’t able to produce them. • Central (secondary) hypogonadism • In central hypogonadism, the problem lies in your brain. Your hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which control your gonads, aren’t working properly.
- 25. Causes of hypogonadism •The causes of primary hypogonadism include: • Autoimmune disorders, such as addison’s disease and hypoparathyroidism • Genetic disorders, such as turner syndrome and klinefelter syndrome • Severe infections, especially mumps involving your testicles • Liver and kidney diseases • Undescended testes • Hemochromatosis, which happens when your body absorbs too much iron • Radiation exposure • Surgery on your sexual organs
- 26. • Central hypogonadismmay be due to: • Genetic disorders, such as kallmann syndrome (abnormal hypothalamic development) • Infections, including HIV • Pituitary disorders • Inflammatory diseases, including sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and histiocytosis • Obesity • Rapid weight loss • Nutritional deficiencies • Use of steroids or opioids • Brain surgery • Radiation exposure • Injury to your pituitary gland or hypothalamus • A tumor in or near your pituitary gland
- 27. Symptoms of hypogonadism •Symptoms that may appear in females include: • lack of menstruation • slow or absent breast growth • hot flashes • loss of body hair • low or absent sex drive • milky discharge from breasts
- 28. • Symptoms thatmay appear in males include: • loss of body hair • muscle loss • abnormal breast growth • reduced growth of penis and testicles • erectile dysfunction • osteoporosis • low or absent sex drive • infertility • fatigue • hot flashes • difficulty concentrating
- 29.
- 30. Risk factors • Riskfactors for hypogonadism include: • HIV/AIDS • Previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy • Aging • Obesity • Malnutrition
- 31. Complications • Abnormal genitalia •Enlarged male breasts (gynecomastia) • Infertility • Erectile dysfunction • Osteoporosis • Poor self-image
- 32. Hypogonadism diagnosis • Hormonetests • Imaging tests • Semen analysis • Pituitary imaging • Genetic studies • Testicular biopsy
- 33. Treatment for femalehypogonadism • Female : increasing amount of female sex hormones • First line treatment: estrogen therapy • Low dse testosterones • Menstrual irregularities or trouble conceiving: injections of the hormone human choriogonadotropin or pills • Tr0eatment of infertility due to hypogonadism
- 34. 4. Polycystic ovarysyndrome • Polcystic ovary syndrome is a condition in women characterized by irregular or no menstrual periods, acne, obesity, and excess hair growth. • PCOS is a disorder of chronically abnormal ovarian function and hyperandrogenism (abnormally elevated androgen levels)
- 35. Causes • Excess insulin.Insulin is the hormone produced in the pancreas that allows cells to use sugar, body's primary energy supply. If cells become resistant to the action of insulin, then blood sugar levels can rise and body might produce more insulin. Excess insulin might increase androgen production, causing difficulty with ovulation. • Low-grade inflammation. This term is used to describe white blood cells' production of substances to fight infection. Research has shown that women with PCOS have a type of low-grade inflammation that stimulates polycystic ovaries to produce androgens, which can lead to heart and blood vessel problems. • Heredity. Research suggests that certain genes might be linked to PCOS. • Excess androgen. The ovaries produce abnormally high levels of androgen, resulting in hirsutism and acne.
- 37. Symptoms • Irregular periods.Infrequent, irregular or prolonged menstrual cycles are the most common sign of PCOS. • Excess androgen. Elevated levels of male hormone may result in physical signs, such as excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and occasionally severe acne and male- pattern baldness. • Polycystic ovaries. Ovaries might be enlarged and contain follicles that surround the eggs. As a result, the ovaries might fail to function regularly.
- 38.
- 39. Complications • Infertility • Gestationaldiabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure • Miscarriage or premature birth • Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation caused by fat accumulation in the liver • Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes or prediabetes • Sleep apnea • Depression, anxiety and eating disorders • Abnormal uterine bleeding • Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer)
- 40. Diagnosis • Here's notest to definitively diagnose PCOS. • A pelvic exam. • Blood tests. • Analyzed to measure hormone levels. • Measure glucose tolerance and fasting cholesterol and triglyceride levels. • An ultrasound.
- 41. Treatment • Lifestyle changes •Medications • Combination birth control pills. Pills that contain estrogen and progestin decrease androgen production and regulate estrogen. • Progestin therapy. Taking progestin for 10 to 14 days every one to two months can regulate periods and protect against endometrial cancer. • Clomiphene (Clomid). This oral anti-estrogen medication is taken during the first part of menstrual cycle • Metformin