Sexual and Reproductive Health and .pptx

Sexual and Reproductive Health and .pptx

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  Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights By PROF.IS-HAQ FUNSHO ABDUL MBBS, FWACS, MBA, MSc. FIMC, CMC, CMS PROFESSOR OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
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  Introduction ●People who arepoor, particularly young people and women, are confronted with obstacles that hinder them from accessing sexual and reproductive health. ●Initially, year 2000 was targeted for the global health for all but became obviously unrealisable, and this led to series of conferences at the world stage by the United Nations/WHO/UNFDPA on RH. ●There was the world conference on human rights in 1993, followed by the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), Fourth World Conference on Women (FWCW) in 1995 and the ICPD + 5 in 1999 where the agreed goal of reproductive health for all by 2015 was reached, even this target was a mirage. ●The problems of poor access to RH and rights means attaining the Millennium Development Goals is going to be much harder.
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  Introduction ctd ●Some countrieshave turned ICPD commitments into policies and action, increased access to a range of family planning options, and in some countries maternal deaths have decreased but not in Nigeria. Nigeria therefore needs faster progress. ●Nigeria faces new challenges, particularly the devastating impact of HIV and AIDS and the biggest ever population of young people entering their reproductive years. ●Demand for sexual and reproductive health services and commodities will continue to grow, and Nigeria’s Health systems remain weak or rather deteriorating. ●There are too few health workers particularly in the poorest areas in Nigeria.
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  Introduction ctd ●Empowering would-beDoctors with improved capabilities to deliver reproductive health care will boost Nigeria’s ability towards improving the reproductive healthcare of Her citizens. ●I represented the university of Ilorin between the 22nd and 25th of February 2001 at a meeting to draft the necessary reproductive health additions into the curriculum for Nigerian Medical schools.
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  The magnitude ofthe problem – The statistics Sexual and reproductive ill health includes death and disability related to pregnancy and childbirth, sexually transmitted infections, HIV and AIDS, and reproductive tract cancers. Yearly, 529,000 women die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth and 3 million children die in the first week of life. A woman’s lifetime risk of dying due to maternal causes is one in 16 in sub-Saharan Africa, one in 94 in Asia, and one in 160 in Latin America, compared to one in 2,800 in developed countries. Complication of pregnancy or childbirth kill a woman every minute. An estimated 38 million people currently live with HIV while 340 million people contract preventable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) yearly. Like 80 million women each year have unintended or unwanted pregnancies, and for too many their only option is abortion in unsafe conditions.
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  Magnitude and Statisticsctd An estimated 120 million couples cannot access their desired/necessary family planning services and Contraception. Women, most especially, need more choices and control over their sexual and reproductive lives. Sexual and reproductive ill health accounts for at least 20 per cent of the burden of global ill health for women of reproductive age (15-44 years) and some 14 per cent for men. Failure to uphold various rights in law, policy and practice adds to the barriers that poor women and men face in accessing services and information and adopting healthy behaviours. Gender discrimination and other forms of social exclusion have very direct effects on sexual and reproductive health. Violence against women includes a wide range of violations of women’s rights, including forced prostitution and trafficking, child marriage, rape, wife abuse, sexual abuse of children, intimidation in the workplace, and harmful practices and traditions (including female genital mutilation) that damage sexual and reproductive health. Violence against women also includes coercive family planning (e.g., forced sterilisation).
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  The focus onwomen and young people should not neglect the role of men and their own health needs. The damaging effect of sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancies, and other sexual and reproductive health problems on the lives of women and men cannot be fully addressed without men.
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  Definition of Reproductivehealth and Reproductive healthcare ICPD defined reproductive health as: “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes”. Men and women should be able to enjoy a satisfying and safe sexual life, have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. This requires informed choice and access to safe, effective, affordable, and acceptable health-care services. While reproductive health care as: “The constellation of methods, techniques and services that contribute to reproductive and sexual health and wellbeing by preventing and solving reproductive health problems. It also includes sexual health, the purpose of which is the enhancement of life and personal relations and not merely counselling and care related to reproduction and sexually transmitted diseases”.
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  Reproductive Rights Reproductive rightsare defined in the ICPD Programme of Action paragraph 7.3, and are based upon rights recognised in international human rights treaties, declarations and other instruments, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. The 2004 UN Commission on Human Rights explicitly recognised women’s sexual rights as essential to combating violence and promoting gender equity. ICPD and ICPD+5 underlined the importance and contribution of rights to population, reproductive health, and gender equality issues. The 2001 UN General Assembly’s Declaration of Commitment on HIV and AIDS reinforced the ICPD commitments on sexual and reproductive health needs and placed a strong emphasis on women’s empowerment. ICPD recognised that people’s sexual and reproductive health needs are rights that they are entitled to demand.
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  List of specificrights relevant to sexual and reproductive health: • Right to the highest attainable standard of health. • Right to life and survival. • Right to liberty and security of person. • Right to be free from torture, cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. • Right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of one’s children and to have the information and means to do so. • Right of women to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. • The same right of men and women to marry only with their free and full consent. • Right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, and to consent to experimentation. • Right to privacy. • Right to participation. • Right to freedom from discrimination (based on sex, gender, marital status, age, race and ethnicity, health status/disability). • Right of access to information. • Right to education. • Right to freedom from violence against women.
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  What can bedone to solve reproductive health problems The mainstay is accessible, comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services. There is the need to enable people to make informed, safe, and healthy choices. These must be done within national and local development plans. The essential ingredients of good RH services are: • responsive and accountable to poor and vulnerable people • appropriate to local needs. • acceptable to poor women, men, young people, and specific vulnerable groups - such as sex workers. • affordable • physically accessible (location and opening times) • of high quality (client-focused, well-managed with the skilled staff, equipment, and supplies needed to offer best practice); and • non-discriminatory and non-stigmatising (attitudes of health providers to poor and vulnerable people). Services should incorporate policies and activities that promote gender equality and reduce social exclusion. Comprehensive sexual and reproductive services aim to provide (though not necessarily all from one site): • Education and information on all aspects of sexual and reproductive health. • Counselling on and access to a broad choice of family planning and modern contraception for all who want to prevent or space pregnancies. • Care during pregnancy and childbirth for mothers and newborn children including a continuum of skilled attendance before during and in the period immediately after birth, and emergency obstetric care for complications, with effective referral systems. • Care for longer-term psychological and physical problems arising from pregnancy complications and pregnancy loss.
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  Solutions ctd andconclusion • Comprehensive care for women who seek abortions: safe abortion services where legal and post-abortion care everywhere, including counselling on family planning to help avoid repeat abortion. • Diagnosis, counselling, treatment, and promoting prevention of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Sexual and reproductive health services for people with HIV to enable informed choices, and where feasible the inclusion of family planning within HIV services such as voluntary counselling and testing. • Supply of commodities (contraceptives, condoms, medicines, etc.) to meet demand. A broad range of commodities must reach those who are most in need but can least afford them. (When used correctly and consistently, condoms are highly effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections and HIV infections and are an important choice in preventing pregnancy.) • Care and counselling for women and others who have suffered violence that threatens their sexual and reproductive health, and generating community and political recognition and support to address the causes of violence. • Adolescent friendly services that provide an approachable, responsive environment and offer young people the information, skills and means to make safe choices. • Most important are care, counselling, and prevention promotion for aspects of sexual and reproductive health including menstrual problems, cancers, fertility, and sexual dysfunction.