During Shakespeare's time in late 16th century England, Queen Elizabeth I ruled the monarchy. England emerged as a naval and commercial power but faced epidemics of plague from 1592-1604. The social hierarchy was led by the monarch and nobles, followed by the gentry class, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen, and laborers. The first purpose-built theaters were constructed, like The Theatre, based on open-air designs. Plays were performed both outdoors and indoors in converted inns and buildings, influencing Shakespeare's works. Village life followed seasonal cycles of farming and traditions were passed down through families.