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College of Agriculture & Natural Resource
Department of Animal Health
Sheep, Goat and Swine Production
(AnSc 2172)
For Animal Health Second Year Students
By: Wubneh A. (Msc. Animal Production)
March 2021

PART 1: SHEEP AND GOAT
PRODUCTION
2

CHAPTER – 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Common Terminologies Used in Sheep
and Goat Production
 Ram=A male sheep that has acquired sexual
maturity and kept for mating
 Buck=a male goat that has acquired sexual
maturity and kept for mating
 Ewe=a female sheep that gave at least one
birth 3

 Doe= female goat that gave at least one birth
 Lamb= young sheep (either sex) age of about
less than a year
 Kid= young goat (either of sex) age of about less
than a year
 Yearling= sheep and goat that are about one
year age
 Mutton= meat of sheep
 Chevon= meat of goat
4

1.2. Origin, Domestication and Distribution
of Sheep and Goat
1. Sheep
 Sheep (Ovis aries) are believed to have been among
the first animals to be domesticated, preceded by the
dog and goat.
 The domestication of both sheep and goats probably
dates back to the pre-settled agricultural period.
 It is also believed that most domestication took place
in western Asia where the majority of the present day
small ruminant breeds likely originated.
5

 In Ethiopia, there exists a great variation in climate
and topography, harboring diversified livestock
species which also have variability among
themselves.
 The sheep found in Ethiopia could fall into different
breeds and types whose habitat ranges from tropical
to temperate environments.
 Although sheep were domesticated as dual purpose
animals to produce wool and meat, early people
would have valued sheep milk as well.
6

2. Goat
 Goats (Capra hircus) are believed to be the second animal
domesticated following the dog.
 It is also believed that the first goats reached Egypt around 5000
B.C. and then spread south and west throughout Africa.
 African goats could be grouped into three main families: the
Dwarf goats of West and Central Africa, the Savannah goats of
sub-Saharan Africa and the Nubian type goats of North Africa.
 The parents of the Nubian goats came from Asia.
 It is assumed that the first wave of goats entered Ethiopia from
the north between 2000 and 3000 B.C.
7

 The indigenous goats of Ethiopia are found in all
agro-ecological zones of the country.
 It is believed that these goats have evolved
through a process of natural selection that
resulted in goats selected for adaptation and
survival rather than production.
 Ethiopian goats in the lowlands are highly
valued and reared mainly for milk and meat
production.
 In the highlands, goats are mainly kept for meat.
 Goats are also sources of manure, valuable8

1.3 Geographical Distribution of Goats
and Sheep
 Both goats and sheep are widely
distributed, from arid or semi-desert to
humid rainforest regions, and represent
20.2 and 28.9 %, respectively, of the
total populations of ruminant livestock in
the Tropics and sub-tropics (Table 1.1).
9

 Although the total number of sheep is greater
than that of goats, sheep in the Tropics
represent a lower proportion of the total world
production.
 The largest concentrations of goats are in
Africa and in the Indian sub-continent.
 India, with 71 million, is the country with the
largest goat population.
 Africa also has a large sheep population as
does Western Asia and South America.
10

Table1.1 : Distribution of sheep and goats in the topics
and sub-tropics (Production year book, Vol. 33. FAO)
Region Goats Sheep
No.in mill % No.in mill %
Africa 144.7 41.3 170.0 36.5
South America 18.4 5.3 107.4 22.9
Asia, West of
India
52.7 15.1 109.0 23.2
Asia, East of India 13.7 3.9 6.4 1.4
India, Pakistan &
Bangladesh
109.8 31.4 66.0 14.1
Central America &
Caribbean
10.9 3.1 9.2 2.0
Total 350.21 100.0 469.42 100.0 11

1.4 Classification of Sheep and Goats
A. Methods of classification of sheep breed
Sheep are classified based on tail type, coat cover and
function
1. Tail type
Three major tail types are identified in domestic sheep
-Long tailed
-short tailed
-Fat tailed 12

i. Long tailed sheep breeds
a) Long thin tailed
They have generally fine wool and are mainly
kept for wool production. e.g merinos and
Rambouillet
b) Long thick tailed
-They have coarse wool or hair coat cover
e.g Desert Sudanese sheep
-resulted from crossing of fat tailed (tropics)
and long thin tailed (temperate)
13

ii. Short tailed breeds
-They are found in northern Europe and
Central Asia
-Course wool producing breed
iii. Fat tailed breeds
-The tail serves as a storage site for excess
fat which endures the sheep to with stand long
periods of semi-starvation
e.g. menz, Arsi
14

2. Coat cover
i. Wool sheep
a) Fine wool sheep
-They Yield fine wool for clothing purposes
-Are mainly long thin tailed sheep of temperate
breeds.
b) Coarse wool sheep
-yield coarse wool for carpet /mat making
-are mainly fat tailed tropical sheep breeds
15

ii. Hair sheep
-The coat cover has almost no
commercial value
-The skin has greater value than the wool
sheep breed because of the skin is thicker
3. Function/use
Classified as :
-mutton, wool, milk.
16

B. Methods of classification of Goat breeds
Classified based on origin, ear shape & length, function and
height at withers
1. Origin: -European, oriental (Asiatic) or African origin
-not exact criterion because of movement of breeds
2. Ear shape & length
-Less applicable because of little variation in ear shape and
length
-should be combined at least their origin
3. Function/use: -as meat, milk and skin or fiber
17

4. Height at withers
-Based on this and together with body weight,
function of goats can be divided into three
i. Large breeds
-Are goats measuring over 65cm at wither &
weighing 20-65kg. -Are dual purpose (meat, milk)
ii. Small breeds -height at wither measures between
51&65cm & weight 19 to 37 kg. -Are either meat or
milk type
iii. Dwarf breeds -Wither height of less than 50cm and
weight ranging from 18-25kg. -Are also meat type
18

1.5 Advantages of Small Ruminants Over
Large Ruminants
A. They have higher fertility
-Twin or multiple births is common
-Have short generation interval-about 18 months
-Have short lambing/kidding interval (under good
management every 8 months or 3 lambing/kidding in 2
years is common)
B. Sheep and goat production requires low initial
investment: -The purchase price of animals is low -Small
area is required for housing -Feed requirement is
relatively minimal 19

C. They have less risk to the owner in cases of
accidents and losses due to the theft and
predators.
D. The management, the price, feed requirement
and health care of five sheep or goats is
estimated to be equivalent to those required for a
single cow.
E. Considering a mortality rate of 20% and if a
farmer owns one cow, the farmer will loss it, but if
a farmers own five goats instead of one cow, he
will remain with four goats.
20

F. Purchase price is cheaper, can replace
immediately. However, for man who losses a
cow, it will be very difficult to him tom replace it.
G. They produce convenient amount of
products (meat, milk skin and fiber) -are more
convenient to slaughter-easier for home
consumption where there is no storage facility.
H. They can survive and perform in harsh
environmental conditions.
-Low quality and quantity feed.
21

I. They can efficiently utilize fibrous feeds and
convert to valuable products.
Subsistence farmers need very small amounts of
purchased animal feed
-No sufficient water
-High or low temperature
J. They are easy to manage -require family
labor (children and women can hand them)
K. They are easy way of income generation.
Farmers can easily sell one sheep or goat with
out affecting their flock size to much. 22

1.6 Disadvantages of Small Ruminants
Keeping
small ruminants do have some
disadvantages. These are:-
Because of small size they are subjected to
theft.
They are not suitable for intensification,
hence are attacked by wild animals.
To raise number of sheep/goats may
require more labor.
23

 Not used for draft (ploughing) purpose.
 Degrade grazing land when grazing is not
controlled.
 Are seasonal breeders especially in
temperate areas.
 Goats are fussy eaters of feeds.
24

1.7 Sheep and Goat Production Systems
 Sheep and goat production systems were
classified using criteria that included:-
Degree of integration with crop production and
contribution to livelihood,
Level of input and intensity of production,
Agro-ecology,
Length of growing period and
Relation to land and type of commodity to be produced.
25

 The major production systems are:
A. Highland sheep–barley system
B. Mixed crop–livestock system
C. Pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems
 The other production systems that are not
currently practiced widely but have a future are:
D. Ranching
E. Urban and peri-urban (landless) sheep and
goat production system
26

A. Highland sheep–barley system
 This system is found in the highlands above 3000 m.a.s.l.
where the major crops grown are barley and pulses such
as faba beans, lentils, etc.
 Temperature is the main factor determining productivity in
the highland sheep–barley production system.
 Cropping intensity in these areas is generally low.
 Sheep are the dominant livestock species.
 The main feed resource-base includes wasteland grazing,
stubble and sometimes straw.
 Sheep flock sizes range from 30 to several hundred head.
27

B. Mixed crop–livestock system
 This system is based on cropping associated with
livestock husbandry.
 The system generally found in areas where the
altitude ranges between 1500 and 3000 m.a.s.l.
 Cattle are the dominant livestock species and are
kept mainly for draft power.
 Sheep and goats are kept to meet small and
immediate cash needs.
 The major commodity is meat, while milk is a
subsidiary product in some areas. 28

 Land-holding per household is 2–3 hectares with
some areas having much smaller holdings of less
than 2 ha.
 The major feed resources are natural pasture
and crop residues.
 In some areas, one-fifth to one-third of the
holding is used for grazing.
 Sheep and goats in this system experience year-
round nutritional stress due to increases in
cultivated land area.
29

C. Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Production
Systems
Pastoral system
 pastoral systems are associated with agro-ecological
zones that are too dry to sustain crop production.
 These are characterized by little or no crop agriculture
and high mobility in search of grazing and water.
 Under Ethiopian conditions, pastoral systems of
production are found at altitudes below 1500 m.a.s.l.
and where the annual precipitation is less than 500 mm.
30

 The following characterize pastoral systems:
Livestock are maintained as a principal activity.
Rangeland is the main land resource.
Livestock species consist of camels, cattle,
sheep, goats and donkeys.
There are more goats than sheep in this system.
Milk and meat are the two outputs.
In drought years, goats gain more importance as
suppliers of milk to the household.
Goats also help to control bush encroachment.
31

Agro-pastoral system
 Producers under this system have a permanent
residence and their movement is limited in terms of
both distance and duration.
 The system is characterized by a high degree of
dependence on milk and meat production.
 The system is usually practiced below 1500 m.a.s.l. but
with higher rainfall to support short season crops
compared to the pastoral system.
32

D. Ranching
 Ranching can be considered as a modern land use system.
 It is a labor-extensive system focusing on the production of
marketable commodities from one or two selected species.
 This is mainly in the form of producing live slaughter animals
for meat.
 The main function of the system is to generate cash income.
 Management of livestock is characterized by grazing within
defined borders and an individual tenure system with
possibilities of intensified feeding and watering of animals.
33

E. Urban and Peri-urban (Landless) Sheep and
Goat Production System
 This system involves the production of sheep
and goats within and at the periphery of cities.
 Feed resources are usually household wastes,
market area wastes, mill leftovers, by-products
and roadside grazing (particularly in the peri-
urban system).
34

End Of Chapter -1
Thanks For Your
Attention!
35

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