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- 3. Paranasal sinuses area group of 4 paired air filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. 1. Frontal sinus 2. Ethmoid sinus 3. Sphenoid sinus 4. Maxillary sinus They reduce the weight of the skull and they humidify the inspired air.
- 4. Sinusitis is aninflammation of the mucus membrane of the Paranasal sinuses. Pansinusitis is infection of more than one sinus. Rhinosinusitis is referred to inflammatory diseaseof the as an nose or sinuses. It is a common condition and a complication of 5%-10% of URIs in children. It affects 1 in 8 adults per year.
- 5. ON THE BASISOF LOCATION ON THE BASIS OF DURATION Frontal sinusitis Acute sinusitis( infection lasts up to 4 weeks) Ethmoid Sinusitis Subacute sinusitis ( lasts between 4 -12 weeks) Maxillary sinusitis Chronic sinusitis( more than 12 weeks) Sphenoid sinusitis
- 6. Viral infection: 90%of sinusitis.Rhinovirus,coronavirus. Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae ,H Influenza others, Pollutants: Chemical/irritants may trigger the build of mucus. Fungi: Rare.
- 7. URIs such ascommon cold Nasal polyps Deviated nasal septum Dental infection Swimming
- 8. Smoking and Intranasalcocaine. Tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy. Pregnancy, hormonal changes with puberty. Iatrogenic factors such as mechanical ventilation, NG tubes, nasal packing etc.
- 10. Common sign andsymptoms are Fever, sore throat, headache, facial pain and pressure, malaise. In more advance cases the symptoms are Anosmia, Nasal congestion and discharge, halitosis etc.
- 11. Maxillary sinusitis: Painin the upper jaw. Frontal sinusitis: Pain in the forehead. Ethmoid sinusitis: Pain over nasal bridge. Sphenoid sinusitis: Pain over the occiput or vertex.
- 12. History taking Physical examination Watchfulwaiting: If sinusitis less than 10 days without symptom then viral . More than 10 days bacterial sinusitis. X ray finding conforms. CBC CT scan. Sinus radiography shows opacification of the sinus, thickened mucous membrane. Culture and sensitivity test
- 13. Treatment depends onthe how long condition lasts. Most acute cases resolves without treatment. In most of the sinusitis antibiotics are not recommended because viral causes. Symptomatic treatment is given to the patient.
- 14. Antibiotics are notprescribed routinely , because many cases of sinusitis are viral. First line therapy at most centers is amoxicillin for 14 days. Antibiotic therapy- Amoxyclav 625 mg(Amoxycillin 500 mg + clavulamic acid 125 mg).
- 17. nasal Xylometazoline nasaldrops. These are used to reduce edema.
- 18. Mucolytic agentssuch as Guaifenesin and Saline lavage used to decrease the duration of sinus infections.
- 19. Pseudoephedrine andPhenylephrine can be used for 10 to 14 days. These drugs allow the restoration of normal mucociliary function and drainage. These are contraindicated in clients with Cardiovascular diseases and competitive athletes.
- 21. THESE AREUSED TO REDUCE MUCOSAL INFLAMMATION.
- 22. Antihistamines are beneficialfor reducing osteomeatal obstruction in clients with allergies and sinusitis.
- 23. Normal saline solutionirrigations or A vaporizer or humidifier is used to prevent nasal crusting .These are also used to moisten secretions.
- 24. Antral lavage isa surgical procedure in which a cannula is inserted into the opening of the maxillary sinus via the inferior meatus to allow irrigation and drainage of the sinus.
- 25. Functional Endoscopic sinus surgery. Nasalantrostomy External sphenoethmoidectomy Caldwell –Lue procedure.
- 26. The mainobjective of FESS is to reestablish the sinus ventilation and Mucociliary clearance. It is an outpatient surgical procedure using local anesthesia. Small fiberoptic endoscopes are passed through the nasal cavity and into the sinus. It allows the direct visualization of the sinuses in order to remove diseased tissue and to enlarge sinus Ostia.
- 27. Possible complications includesnasal bleeding, pain, scar formation. After FESS , nasal packing may be inserted to minimize nasal bleeding.
- 29. It isa surgical procedure performed to remove diseased mucosa from the sphenoidal or ethmoidal sinus. A small incision is made over the ethmoidal sinus on the lateral nasal bridge and the diseased mucosa is removed . Nasal and ethmoidal packing then inserted.
- 30. Maxillary antrostomy isa surgical procedure to enlarge the opening (ostium) of the maxillary sinus. This allows for further surgical intervention within the maxillary sinus cavity as well as improved sinus drainage.
- 32. Caldwell-luc antrostomy—also known as Radical antrostomy— is an operation to remove irreversibly damaged mucosa of the maxillary sinus. It is done when maxillary sinusitis is not cured by medication or other non-invasive technique. The approach is mainly from anterior wall of maxilla bone
- 35. Warm compresses applyin the sinus area. Increase fluid intake Educate the patient to avoid cold environment Promote good oral hygiene Avoid smoking Avoid blowing nose.
- 36. For the first24 hours after sinus surgery ,observe the client for nasal bleeding, respiratory distress, orbital and facial edema. Explain the client to engage in minimal physical exercise, avoid strenuous activity. Teach the client to sneeze only with the mouth open. Nasal saline spray may be started 3 to 5 days after the surgery to moisten the mucosa. A nasal drip pad is taped beneath the nares to absorb drainage after nasal or sinus surgery.
- 38. Risk for infectionrelated to disease process. Ineffective breathing pattern related to nasal congestion/discharge Altered comfort related to facial fullness, nasal discharge. Hyperthermia related to inflammation process.
- 39.