Sistem Tenaga Listrik

OPERASI SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK dan
PENGANTAR SISTEM PROTEKSI
Dhandis Rito Jintaka, S.T., M.T.
17 September 2022

Power System Operation Definition
 Proses optimasi dan koordinasi yang terkait dengan pengoperasian tenaga listrik dari
pembangkitan dan penyaluran agar dapat dikendalikan dengan andal, berkualitas dan
ekonomis. Diperlukan Pusat Pengatur Beban agar pengendalian dapat dilakukan
secara real-time.
 Operasi sistem tenaga listrik perlu dibedakan dengan optimasi pengembangan
pembangkit dan transmisi baru. Pengembangan system tenaga listrik akan dilakukan
dalam perencanaan system tenaga listrik.

Konfigurasi Sistem Ketenagalistrikan

Konfigurasi Sistem Ketenagalistrikan dengan EBT

PLTA PLTP
Beberapa Jenis Pembangkit Listrik di Indonesia
PLTU
PLTG/PLTGU PLTS PLTB

Komponen utama Sistem Transmisi
SUTET/ SUTT SKLT
SKTT
GI GIS
Trafo GI Trafo GIS

Komponen utama Sistem Distribusi
SUTM SUTR
Trafo TM/TR
kWh meter

Transfer daya antar region di Sistem Jawa-Madura-Bali

Kurva Langgam Beban Harian (LDC)

Kurva Langgam Beban 1 Tahun (2020 vs 2021)

• Electrical energy cannot be conveniently stored in sufficient quantities.
• Readily available reserve of supply should be available and control.
• Power system should provide certain level of reliability and quality;
Power System Characteristic

Power System Operation Objectives

Power System Operation Guidelines

Load Dispatch Control Center (LDCC)

Power System Operation Process

Power System Operation Process with VRE

Power System Stability & Reliability

Power System Operation Analytical Tools

Variable Renewable Energy Risk

VRE and Power System Properties

Power System Control Tome Frame

Power System Security Assessment

Automatic Dispatch System (ADS) di SJMB

Kriteria Umum Sistem Proteksi
• Persyaratan sistem proteksi
 Sensitif
 Selektif
 Cepat
 Andal
 Ekonomis
• Faktor pertimbangan koordinasi sistem proteksi
 Keamanan peralatan instalasi ketenagalistrikan
 Keamanan sistem ketenagalistrikan
 Keandalan layanan pelanggan

Tujuan Sistem Proteksi pada STL
 Mengawasi dan memproteksi peralatan primer STL
 Menjaga keandalan STL
 Meminimalisir gangguan/ pemadaman
 Sistem proteksi diperlukan karena kemampuan pengoperasian operator yang
terbatas dalam hal monitoring, ketepatan dan kecepatan memutus gangguan.
 Sistem proteksi didesain bekerja secara otomatis bekerja jika terjadi gangguan
atau kondisi operasi yang tidak normal
 Sistem proteksi bekerja dengan memisahkan/ memutus gangguan dari STL

Main components of a Protection System
1. Protection relays that monitor the power system for abnormal
conditions.
2. Communication systems that are used as part of the overall protection
system functionality.
3. Voltage and current sensing equipment that steps down high power
system values to much lower values capable of being input into the
protection relays.
4. Directcurrent (DC) auxiliary supply including batteries and their
chargers used to power protection relays, auxiliary devices,
communication systems and trip circuit breakers.
5. Control circuitry working with protections to trip circuit breakers or
other interrupting devices such as circuit switchers.

Illustration of a protection system for a transmission line

Pembagian Jenis Gangguan pada STL

Waktu Pembebasan Gangguan
• Waktu pembebasan gangguan terdiri dari:
 waktu kerja relai,
 waktu kerja relai bantu,
 waktu buka pemutus tenaga, dan
 waktu kirim-terima sinyal teleproteksi.
• Pada sistem tegangan ekstra tinggi
penggunaan relai bantu untuk fungsi trip
keluaran proteksi utama tidak diijinkan.

Karakteristik Sistem Proteksi: Reliability
Reliability refers to the ability of the
protective system to operate correctly at
all times. Overall protection reliability is
defined by how dependable and how
secure it is under all possible operating
scenarios.
Dependability is a measure of the
protective system to trip when required
to do so.
Security is a measure of the protection
system not to trip when not required to
do so.

Dependability
Protection system dependability is achieved by ensuring that the protective relays and
their application within the overall protection system operate when required.

Security
Protection system security is achieved by ensuring that the protective relays and their
application within the overall protection system do not operate when not required. When
they do operate correctly, the minimum numbers of circuit breakers are tripped to isolate
the power system equipment with the abnormal condition.

Protection System Backup
 It is impossible to guarantee that any system is 100% dependable as components fail from
time to time in any system. Therefore, to ensure that circuit breakers are tripped there
needs to be another independent protection that functions as its backup.
 Since these two approaches are so fundamentally different from each other with huge
differences in installed costs, it can be said that each approach can be regarded as being a
philosophy of backup.
 There are two fundamentally different approaches to provide backup which are remote
backup and local backup.

Protection System Redundancy
 It is common practice to apply two functionally similar protection systems to
achieve dependability. To apply three similar and independent protections would
increase overall dependability but with an increased exposure to operation
thereby reducing Security
 Redundant protection systems are seen to strike the correct balance between
reliable protections on the one hand and cost on the other.
 Another advantage of redundancy is to allow temporarily taking one protection
system out of service
 Protection system operates without intentional time delay and is done when
system operating conditions allow for it when incremental weather permits, as
faults primarily occur when there is lightning or high wind.

Some design features to provide redundancy
 Two, or more, independent protection systems
 Independent protective relay current sources in the form of separate current
transformers
 Independent protective relay potential sources in the form of separate potential
devices or independent secondary windings on a single device. The second
method is considered acceptable when the digital relay itself recognizes there is a
loss of potential supplied to it and adaptively applies other protections not
requiring potential to operate.
 Duplicate power supplies from station batteries or redundant battery systems.
 Physical separation of protection and control equipment in substation control
houses to minimize the chance of common mechanical damage affecting all the
protection functions

Terima kasih
Dhandis Rito Jintaka, S.T., M.T.
dhandis63@gmail.com
dhandis.jintaka@pln.co.id

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