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Skills and Competencies for Extension Personnels.pptx
- 1. Process Skills andCompetencies for field extension functionaries Dr. S. Subash Scientist ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute Southern Regional Station Adugodi, Bengaluru Karnataka – 560 030
- 2. Dairy Extension DeliverySystem – Scenario Dairy extension services delivery is considered as vital in the present context of multiple service providers Dairy Extension services- three major functional categories i.e. Health services, Production services and Marketing. Dairy extension services mainly focus on ‘breeding and health care services’ which have ‘direct and immediate impact’ on the milk production Where as ‘Dairy Education services’ i.e. adoption of improved practices are grossly ignored and given least priority No exclusive livestock extension service in India to cater to the specific needs of livestock farmers (Eight states has provision)
- 3. Livestock owners needs •Three types of (integrated) support: 1. Extension and advisory services (to enrich the knowledge and improve the skills of livestock owners) 2. Availability and accessibility of input service such as semen, vaccines, medicines, equipments, instruments, feed etc and 3. Delivery of the technical service by the veterinarian/ or Para-Veterinarian
- 4. Pluralistic Services providers StateAnimal Husbandry & Veterinary department Dairy Co-operative Societies Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) Private services Input Agencies
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- 6. Effective Dairy ExtensionDelivery System EDEDS
- 7. Constraints for growthof livestock sector •Large livestock numbers, low productivity and inadequate veterinary services •Shortage of feeds & fodder resources and CPRs •Non-remunerative prices and poor market access •In sufficient infrastructural & institutional support •Inadequate policy support •Limited financial commitment for dairy development •Limited livestock extension support
- 8. New extension paradigm Atpresent understanding of livestock extension goes beyond transfer of technology to • Facilitation • Beyond training to learning • Production- marketing-value addition • Emphasis on demand driven extension • Shift in farming to entrepreneurship development • Cost effective and ecologically sound technologies • Pluralistic extension service providers • Community led extension approaches • Participatory extension approaches • Deployment of IT services
- 9. Shift in deliveryof extension service Components Production-led approach Community-led extension approach Purpose/ Objective Transfer of production technologies Capacity building , create para-professional extension workers, creating or strengthening local institutions Goal Food self-sufficiency Livelihood security including food, nutrition, employment to alleviate poverty, sustainability and conserving bio-diversity Approach Top-down, commodity and supply driven Participatory, bottom-up ,demand driven, farming system approach Actors Mostly public institutions Pluralistic with public, private, non-government and farmers organizations as a partner rather than competitors Mode Mostly interpersonal/ individual approach Integration of clients oriented on-farm participatory/experiential learning methods supported by ICTs and media Role of extension agents Limited to delivery mode and feedback to research system Facilitation of learning, building overall capacity of farmers and encouraging farmers experimentation
- 10. Linkages/liaison Research-Extension-Farmers Research-Extension-industry-Farmers Organizations Emphasis Information management Knowledge management and sharing Nature of technology Input intensive, general recommendations , fixed package of information Knowledge intensive, broad based, farming system perspective and blending with ITKs Critical areas Improvement, production and protection Integrated farming system approach, NRM, IPR , environmental concerns etc. Critical inputs Money and material Access to Information, building human and social capital Accountability Mostly government To farmers – value creation services Components Production-led approach Community-led extension approach
- 11. Different Approaches foreffective Transfer of Technology • Group approach -SHGs • Producers Organization/Farmers Interest Group approach • Farmers Field School approach • Skill Development approach • Entrepreneurship Development approach • Information communication technologies (ICTs) approach • Private Consultancy/ Extension by NGOs approach
- 12. Extension Plus -New Extensionist The key elements of extension-plus are: • A broad scope of service provision (beyond technology transfer) • The extensive use of partnerships to fulfill an expanded mandate • A learning-based approach • Negotiations with a wide range of stakeholders for developing workable and effective service arrangements • An institutional mechanism to represent clients’ interests at the management level, so the program remains accountable to its clients
- 13. Process Skills andCompetencies Extension Workers Needed Program planning 1. Conduct needs assessments 2. Prioritize needs and problems 3. Identify stakeholders and engage them in extension programs 4. Acquire and allocate resources (resource mobilization) 5. Conduct the nominal group technique 6. Conduct community forums 7. Conduct brainstorming exercises 8. Identify market opportunities 9. Design services based on gender analysis 10. Develop a work plan 11. Develop a grant proposal
- 14. Program implementation 12. Conductfarm and home visits 13. Conduct method and results demonstrations 14. Organize farmer field schools 15. Organize field days 16. Establish a model village 17. Conduct meetings effectively 18. Manage conflict 19. Manage time 20. Manage groups and teamwork 21. Understand group dynamics and/or facilitate groups 22. Write field reports
- 15. Program evaluation 23. Designsurvey instruments 24. Conduct surveys and personal interviews 25. Conduct participant observations 26. Conduct Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) 27. Conduct focus group discussions 28. Write extension evaluation reports and share results and impacts
- 21. Indicators and Toolsfor Valuing Economic Impacts • Reduced Cost • Savings • Increased Income • Increased Productivity • Value Added • Expected Value • Alternative Opportunity Cost of Capital • Willingness to Pay
- 22. Conclusion • Field extensionfunctionaries will have to play an active role in acquisition, processing and delivering relevant information to the farmers • Livestock extension policy, supported with adequate financial and extension manpower • Strengthened extension efforts for sustainable livestock development.