Smartgrid seminar report

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MANAGEMENT OF SMART GRID POWER SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE
TECHNOLOGY
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
MUHAMMED NAZEEM M
(Roll No. SNC16EE005)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SREE NARAYANA GURU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PAYYANUR
(Affiliated to Kerala Technological University and approved by AICTE New Delhi)
Chalakode P.O., Payyanur,
Kannur, Kerala,
India, 670307
NOVEMBER 2019

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the reportentitled“MANAGEMENT OF SMART GRID POWER
SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY”is a bonafide record of the
seminarpresented by MUHAMMED NAZEEM M(Roll No.SNC16EE005), in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineeringof the APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL University.
Mr. ABHILASH KRISHNAN T K
(Co-ordinator)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Engg.
SNGCET Payyanur
Prof. Raveendran K
(Head of the department)
Dept. of Electrical and ElectronicsEngg.
SNGCET Payyanur

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Date:
Place:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I thank the lord almighty for the grace, strength and hope to make my endeavor a
success. I express my deep felt gratitude to DR. V.K. JANARDANAN., SREE NARAYANA
GURU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY, PAYYANNUR for providing the
necessary facilities.I extend my sincere gratitude towards Prof. K RAVEENDRAN, Head of
Department , Electrical and Electronics Engineering for giving us his valuable knowledge and
wonderful technical guidance.I am profoundly grateful to, Mr. ABHILASH KRISHNAN T K and
for their valuable guidance, support, suggestions and encouragement.Furthermore, I would like to
thank all others especially my parents and numerous friends. This seminar report would not have
been a success without the inspiration, valuable suggestions and moral support from them
throughout the course.
MUHAMMED NAZEEM M
1st NOVEMBER 2019

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ABSTRACT
Smart Grid is preferred because it uses both renewable energy and non-renewable
energy sources to meet the total demand, digitally send meter to suppliers for more
accurate energy usage, control of energy and operate power plant. Loop network
technique helps to maintain reliable and secured transmission data when ZigBee
network is used in Smart Grid. This paper presents the ZigBee module. The
nonconventional system like solar energy system, wind energy and energy source
from urban waste is also connected to Smart Grid to meet the total demand.
Minimum number of wireless junctions is used to cover all consumers with
continuous and renewable data supply to control house. An alternate methods for
generating electricity are highlighted and these methods uses renewable sources like
solar power, wind power, tidal energy and so on. Many research companies
concentrate on the elemental technologies to generate the power but the energy
generated from these resources is not sufficient as the growth of power demands and
need efficient and intelligent distribution system to distribute the energy. The
intelligent energy distribution management system is developed and the results of
managing the distribution of energy which is generated from renewable resources are
used effectively as presented.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION………………………………………………..…6
2.RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES……………………………..7
2.1 INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY…………….…7
2.1 SMART GRID POWER SYSTEM……………………………..8
2.2 CONVENTIONAL POWER SYSTEM…………………..…....9
3.BENIFITS OF SMARTGRID………………………………..…...10
4.ENABLING TECHNOLOGY……………………………………10
5.NEED FOR SMARTGRID ……………………………………...12
6.ZIGBEE…………………………………………………………....13
7.FEATURES OF SMARTGRID………………………………….14
8.ECONOMICS OF SMARTGRID……………………………….16
9.WORKING………………………………………………………...17
10.CHALLENGES………………………………………………….18
11.ADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID…………………………...19
12..DISADVANTAGES OF SMART GRID…………………...…20
13.FUTURE SCOPE……………………………………...………..21
14.CONCLUSION……………………………………………...…..21
15.REFERENCE………………………………………………..….22

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1.INTRODUCTION
The traditional electricity system structure consists of electricity flow in single
direction that is from grid to thousands of consumers. The challenges with this
traditional grid system is to tackle the increasing demand of electricity, reducing the
generation, transmission and maintenance cost, reducing the use of fossil fuel for
generation and incorporating non-conventional energy source like wind and PV cell
for generation and balancing load consumption and the power generation. Therefore, a
solution which considers environment sustainability, power distribution and generation
costs, and total power demand at house must be produced. Technique of monitoring
and measuring helps to receive data to find abnormality and grid integrity with advance
reading of meter, elimination of the process of billing and power theft detection.
Advanced equipment assists in determining the performance of the grid-condition
which helps to maintain quality, reliability, and prevent the outages. ZigBee is a low
price advanced technique used in sensor network. This paper explains idea of Smart
Grid system using ZigBee model called as ZigBee model of Smart Grid system. This
paper presents a Smart Grid system which consists of a ZigBee model and a control
unit as “Microcontroller”. The two renewable energy sources like wind and solar
energy are considered for the system design and used Embedded C programming
language for system configuration.

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2.Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable sources are also called Echo friendly technologies are very important due
to their pollution free energy generation and having sustainable growth. There are
many sources of energy that are renewable and considered to be environmentally
friendly and harmless natural processes. These sources of energy provide an alternate
„cleaner‟ source of energy, helping to negate the effects of certain forms of pollution.
All of these power generation techniques can be described as renewable since they are
not depleting any resource to create the energy. While there are many large-scale
renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to
small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often
crucial in human development.
2.1 integrationof Renewable Energy
Integration of RERs in Smart Grid A global concern about the green earth is
related to efficient and a better method of generation & transmission of
electrical energy. Today’s there is need of an efficient and customer friendly power
grid based on the renewable energy sources. Smart grid enables grid operators to
provide most useful way of integrating RERs in main grid. Power inverters
play a key role in a flexible interconnection of different players of power
system (energy producers, EES, Flexible transmission & distribution). This survey
covers the potential challenges and barriers in deployment of these sources and
application of power electronics in a flexible integration of RERs and EES to power
grid that are segmented into three sections. Figure 2 shows the trend of research
work on the employment of these sources in Smart grid environment. 5.1 A
Review on Potential Challenges in RER Integration Integration of renewable

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sources in power system with their variable generation schedules introduces
certain challenges in the systems. It will necessitate the changes in power system
planning and operation while keeping reliability and economy constraints in
considerations. Large-scale storages also need to be incorporated to meet peak
loads demands. Several factors which need to be addressed during integration are
power quality, reliability, energy conversion cost and power system efficiency.
Research and development regarding these issues are underway and several
methodologies and algorithms have been proposedin order to meet these
challenges and making power grid transition towards smart one in an effective
manner. The potential challenges and their possible solutions represented in
different papers are given below. Figure 3 at the end of this section gives the brief
classification of challenges faced in integration. Storage systems alongwith power
electronics need to be incorporated in energy system due to unreliable behavior.
Distributed energy sources and their integration related issues are discussed [25].
Problem with these storage systems is that each storage component requires
different control strategies for each case. This then results in planning a separate
control technique for each individual case. It increases cost and is time
consuming. The purpose is to design suchmethodologies that can be used for
almost every type of storage devices.
2.2Smart Grid PowerSystem
A power system should be able to supply power from multiple source such as wind
energy source, solar energy source and electric vehicle may plug in since large
variation in the generation of all nonconventional source with time, therefore grid
should able to store power by using advancedstoring batteries, supper capacitors to
maintain the reliability of grid and also advancedgeneration,transmission technique,
control technique and duplex meter called smart meter must beused to maintain
reliability of Smart Grid. It helps both suppliers and consumer to set up
real time pricing for more accurate energy bills and energy

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usage.
2.3Conventional power system
The traditional electricity system structure consistsof a system in which the flow of
power is restricted to asingle direction i.e., from centralized power platform tomany
end users. The generated power step-up usingtransformer to transmit over long distance
throughoverhead transmission line to the consumer premises. Thegenerated power
from different power plants is transmittedto a common point is known as electrical
grid. It consists ofsubstation, HV lines, and distribution lines which connectsconsumer
premises network as shown in figure 2.2.

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3.Benefits of Smart Grid
The following benefits are
a) Self-repair: If any contingency incurred system immediately detectthe problem
and reduce lossesbybringing the system to normal state.
b) Motivates and involve buyer: system gives realtime pricing to users such as bulk
consumer, commercial and domestic consumer and offer themto select best price.
c) ResistAttacks: system has self-protected fromground up.
d) Quality: system supply power which is free fromfluctuation, dips, low frequency
and suppliesdesired voltage level.
e) All Generationand Storage Options: system helpsto “plug-and-play" connection
to different powerplant and advanced battery device.
f) Optimize and effective operation: A system helpsto build small renovation in
existing system andenables us transfer huge power from existing SmartGrid and
hence reduce the grid operation cost.
4.Enabling Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in otherapplications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas.
I.Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been
developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is
being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for
improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution
automation, upervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), energy management
systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, power- line carrier
communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will allow for real time

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control, information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, assetutilization,
and security.
II. Sensing and measurement
Core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health,
energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include:
advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-
area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based on online reading by
distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR)
systems), electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time
pricing tools, advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital
protective relays.,
III. Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that record usage
in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and
provide a communication path extending from generation plants to electrical outlets
(smart socket)and other smart grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices
can shut down during times of peak demand.
IV. Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and
diagnostics components arechanging fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids.
Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible alternating current
transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first and second generation
superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed energy
generation and storage devices, composite conductors, and ―intelligent‖ appliances.

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4.Need For Smartgrid
Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts aboutour
infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, acomplex
society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewerfossil fuels,
increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distributionwith less
maintenance, effective new constructionand efficient disasterreconstruction. But while
demand for electricity has risen drastically, itstransmission is outdated and stressed.
The bottom line is that we are exactingmore from a grid that is simply not up to the
task.

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5.ZIGBEE
Zigbee communication is specially built for controland sensornetworks on IEEE
802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and it is the product
from Zigbee alliance. This communication standard defines physical and Media
Access Control(MAC) layers to handle many devices at low-data rates. These
Zigbee’s WPANs operate at 868 MHz, 902-928MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies. The
date rate of 250 kbps is best suited for periodic as well as intermediate two way
transmission of data between sensors and controllers.ZigbeeModemZigbee is low-
costand low-powered mesh network widely deployed for controlling and monitoring
applications where it covers 10-100 meters within the range. This communication
system is less expensive and simpler than the other proprietary short-range wireless
sensornetworks as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.Zigbee supports different network
configurations for master to master or master to slave communications. And also, it
can be operated in different modes as a result the battery power is conserved. Zigbee
networks are extendable with the use of routers and allow many nodes to interconnect
with each other for building a wider area network.

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6.Features of the smart grid
The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the
challenges of electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors, there are
numerous competing taxonomies, and no agreement on a universal definition.
Nevertheless, one possible categorisation is given here.
 Flexibility in network topology
Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be betterable to
handle possible bidirectional energy flows, allowing for distributed generation suchas
from photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also charging to/from the batteries of
electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, the use of fuel cells, and
other sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network
generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and
reliability issues.[18] A smart grid aims to manage these situations.
 Efficiency

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Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy
infrastructure are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in
particular including demand-side management, forexample turning offair conditioners
during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when possible on
distribution lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-rolls
formeter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management using data
from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall effect is less redundancy
in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to
lower power prices.
 Load adjustment/Load balancing
The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although
the total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is
not necessarily stable or slow varying. For example, if a popular television program
starts, millions of televisions will start to draw current instantly. Traditionally, to
respond to a rapid increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of a
large generator, some spare generators are put on a dissipative standby mode.[citation
needed] A smart grid may warn all individual television sets, or another larger
customer, to reduce the load temporarily[19] (to allow time to start up a larger
generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical
prediction algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be
used, to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be
reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by
even a small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.
While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers'
consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage
and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise
balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior. Typically, storing energy
during off-peak times eases high demand supply during peak hours. Dynamic game-

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theoretic frameworks have proved particularly efficient at storage scheduling by
optimizing energy cost using their Nash equilibrium.[20][21]
 Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
Peak load avoidance by smart charging of electric vehicleTo reduce demand during
the high cost peak usage periods, communications and metering technologies
inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high and
track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility
companies the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly
in order to prevent system overloads. Examples would be a utility reducing the
usage of a group of electric vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set
points of air conditioners in a city.[19] To motivate them to cut back use and
perform what is called peak curtailment or peak leveling, prices of electricity are
increased during high demand periods, and decreased during low demand
periods.[8] It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to consume less d
7.Economics of “SMART GRID”
Marketoutlook :In 2009, the US smart grid industry was valued at about$21.4 billion
– by 2014, it will exceed at least $42.8 billion. Given the success ofthe smart grids in
the U.S., the world market is expected to grow at a faster rate, surging from $69.3
billion in 2009 to $171.4 billion by 2014. With the segments set to benefit the most
will be smart metering hardware sellers and makers of software used to transmit and
organize the massive amount of data collected by meters.
General economic developments :As customers can choose their electricity
suppliers, depending on their different tariff methods, the focus of transportation costs
will be increased. Reduction of maintenance and replacements costs will stimulate
more advanced control. A smart grid precisely limits electrical power down to the
residential level, network small-scale distributed energy generation and storage

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devices, communicate information on operating status and needs, collect information
on prices and grid conditions, and move the grid beyond central control to a
collaborative network.
US and UK savings estimates and concerns :
One United States Department of Energy study calculated that internal modernization
of US grids with smart grid capabilities would save between 46 and 117 billion dollars
over the next 20 years. As well as these industrial modernization benefits, smart grid
features could expand energy efficiency beyond the grid into the home bycoordinating
low priority home devices such as water heaters so that their use of power takes
advantage of the most desirable energy sources. Smart grids can also coordinate the
production of power from large numbers of small power producers such as owners of
rooftop solar panels — an arrangement that would otherwise prove problematic for
power systems operators at local utilities. One important question is whether
consumers will act in response to market signals. In the UK, where consumers have
had a choice of supply company from which to purchase electricity since 1998, almost
half have stayed with their existing supplier, despite the fact that there are significnt.
8.Working
the model gives a basic understanding of the Smart Grid conceptwherein the load will
be sourced by any one of the generating methods. By comparing the amount of power
generated by conventional and renewable energy sources the load must be controlled
and sourced by any one of the sources. At the load side information is provided
regarding which type of energy the load is consuming.As shown in fig.3.1 of proposal
system the power is to be managing in a grid system through zigbee. The first
block makes a comparison of which source has more amount
of power and controls the load based on this information. This information is passed
on to the second block where it gets displayed. The main Electricity module represents
the Electrical source generated by any of the conventional generation methods (fossil
fuels). The solar Cell and the wind mill modules represents energy source from
renewable sources such as solar and wind energy.The electrical energy

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forms these sources are nofed to Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) module to
measure theenergy generated. The measured energy from each of the three sources is
fed as an input to Microcontroller module, which performs the comparisonand decides
which electrical sourcehas sufficient power to meet the powerrequirement ofthe load.
If the controller finds a suitable source that meets the load requirement then the load
will be turned onand power will be provided from the selected source. The information
of which source is selected to provide power to the load will be displayed on LCD
module by the controlleand at the same time this information is Wirelessly transmitted
to the load end side. ZigBee module is used here to act as wireless transceiver
9.Challenges
In Europe and the US, significant impediments exist to the widespread adoption of
smart grid technologies, including:
excluding U.S. awards.
electricity,
tyle abuses of information leverage,
government mechanisms to control the use of all power using activities, and

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Before a utility installs an advanced metering system, or any type of smart system, it
must make a business case for the investment. Some components, like the power
system stabilizers (PSS) installed on generators are very expensive, require complex
integration in the grid's control system, are needed only during emergencies, but are
only effective if other suppliers on the network have them. Without any incentive to
install them, power suppliers don't. Most utilities find it difficult to justify installing a
communications infrastructure for a single application (e.g. meter reading). Because of
this, a utility must typically identify several applications that will use the same
communications infrastructure – for example, reading a meter, monitoring power
quality, remote connectionand disconnectionofcustomers, enabling demand response,
etc. Ideally, the communications infrastructure will not only support near-term
applications, but unanticipated applications that will arise in the future. Regulatory or
legislative actions can also drive utilities to implement pieces of a smart grid puzzle.
Each utility has a unique set of business, regulatory, and legislative drivers that guide
its investments. This means that each utility will take a different path to creating their
smart grid and that different utilities will create smart grids at different adoption rates.
Somefeatures ofsmart grids draw opposition from industries that currently are, orhope
to provide similar services. An example is competition with cable and DSL Internet
providers from broadband over power line internet access. Providers of SCADA
control systems for grids have intentionally designed proprietary hardware, protocols
and software so that they cannot inter-operate with other systems in order to tie its
customers to the vend.
10.Advantages Of Smart Grid-
 Economic Development: The manufacture, installation, operation, and
maintenance of the smart grid and its components will create new jobs within the
state. o Innovation: Smart grid innovation will enable the growth of the business
while rewarding customers with valuable new products.

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 Lower Costs:Costs rise over time and energy is no exception, but the smart grid
should provide less costly energy than otherwise would be possible. As such, it
will save customers money which can be invested or consumed as they choose.
 Higher CustomerSatisfaction:The combination of lower costs, improved
reliability, and better customer controlwill raise satisfaction among all types of
customers.
 Improved Reliability: Smart grid will reduce and shorten outages and improve
the quality of power.
 Customer Energy/CostSavings:As pricing becomes more transparent and is
aligned with the underlying economics of generation and distribution, customers’
decisions to save money will benefit society as well.
11.Disadvantages of Smart Grid
The disadvantages of the smart grid are as follows:
The main problem related to the smart grid is the protection and security.

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 Some type of meters in it can be hacked.
 The hackers may gain control over the meters and this may enhance the
demand for power or reduce the demand for power.
 It is expensive when it comes to the installation and requires many
technological components.
12. FUTURE SCOPE
1. Our honorable prime minister of INDIA SHRI NARENDRA MODI initiated
‘DIGITAL INDIA ‘scheme where some cities will be converted into smart

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cities where smart grid will be implemented to materialize the smart city into
reality
2. It is risky because of financial developments and regulations.
3. But in the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.
13. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we present the implementation ofprototype of Smart Grid concept.
Electrical energy wasgenerated using the three methods and a controller was usedto
control the power consumption at the load side. Themonitoring of the energy source
being used to drive the loadis made available at the load side. This paper implements
the Smart Grid conceptby providing Automatic Controlof the load and Monitoring of
the Source Provider. The paper was proposed taking a single load which can be
enhanced withmore loads. The system can be further enhanced by incorporating a two
communication between the consumerend and the supply end.

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14.REFERENCE:
[1] A.O. Converse, “Seasonal energy storage in arenewable energy system
“proceedings of IEEE,vol.100, pp.401-409, 2012.
[2] Aadesh Kumar Arya1, Saurabh Chanana2 and AshwaniKumar3,” Role of Smart
Grid to Power SystemPlanning and Operation in India “, Proc. of Int. Conf. on
Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology.
[3] Amab Ghosh and Niladri Chakraborty,” Design ofSmart Grid in an University
Campus using ZigBeeMesh Networks “,1st IEEE International Conferenceon Power
Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy
Systems (ICPEICES-2016).
[4] Antonello Monti and FerdinandaPonci, “ElectricPower Systems” Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg2015 E. Kyriakides and M. Polycarpou(eds.),Intelligent Monitoring,
Control, and Security of CriticalInfrastructure Systems, Studies in
ComputationalIntelligence 565.
[5] Backline Hoang,” Smart Grids “, Originally publishedon the IEEE Emerging
Technology portal, 2006—2012.
[6] G. M. Shafiullah, Amanullah M. T. Oo, A. B. M. ShawkatAli, Peter Wolfs “Smart
Grid for a Sustainable Future”,SmartGridand Renewable Energy, 2013,4,23-34.
[7] Huang, S., Xiao, J., Pekny, J., Reklaitis, G., and Liu, A.(2012). ”Quantifying
System-Level Benefits fromDistributed Solar and Energy Storage.” J. Energy
Eng.,138(2), 33–42.
[8] J. Lee, B. Han and K.Chol, “High efficiency grid tiedpower conducting system for
fuel cell powergeneration,” power electronics and ECE asia(ICPE&ECCE),2011 IEEE
8th international conferenceon 2011,pp,1492-1497.
[9] Jimmy J. Nielsen, HervéGanem, LjupcoJorguseski,KemalAlic, MihaSmolnikar,
Ziming Zhu, NunoK.Pratas, Michal Golinski, Haibin Zhang, Urban Kuhar,Zhong Fan,

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and Ales Svigelj ,” Secure Real-TimeMonitoringandManagement of Smart
DisttributionGrid Using Shared Cellular Networks”, IEEE Wireless
Communications April 2017.
[10] M.B .Nisssen” high performance development ofdistribution generation”.
Potentials, IEEE, vol 28, pp25-31, 2009.
[11] M.M.Amin and O.A. Mohammed,” development of highperformance Grid
connected wind energy conversionsystems for optimum utilization of variable
speedwind Turbines” Sustainable energy. IEEE transactionon,vol 2, pp 235-245, 2011.

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