Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialization Class10

Social Science History Chapter 5 The Age of Industrialization Class10

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  The Age of Industrialisation SocialScience (History) Chapter 5 Class 10
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  Subtopics • Before theIndustrial Revolution • Hand Labour and Steam Power • Life of the Workers • Industrialisation in the Colonies • Factories Come Up • The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth • Market for Goods
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  Introduction • The modernworld is associated with rapid technological innovations and changes, machines and factories, railways and steamships. • The modern age was the story of glorifying technological progress and development. • In this chapter deals with the history of Britain, the first industrial nation, and then India, where the industrial change was under the colonial rule.
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  Before the IndustrialRevolution •Before factories began to start the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Many historians now refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation. •Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside. A merchant clothier in England purchased wool from a wool stapler, and carried it to the spinners; the yarn (thread) that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. •Market was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.
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  The Coming Upof the Factory • The first factory was established in 1730’s but in 18th century it gained momentum. • In that time the production process was set up in accordance and that enhance the output per worker, enabling stronger yearn production. The costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. • In the early nineteenth century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of the English landscape. • So visible were the imposing new mills, so magical seemed to be the power of new technology, that contemporaries were dazzled.
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  The Pace ofIndustrial Change • First: The most dynamic industries in Britain were clearly cotton and metals. Growing at a rapid pace, cotton was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. After that the iron and steel industry led the way. • Second: the new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Even at the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors
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  Hand Labour andSteam Power • Due to cheap labour, Merchants were more interested in labour driven procedure than large capital investment. • In some industries were seasonal workers also in demand. • In the Victorian Britain Upper class used the handmade product because it had more variety and good finish and the machine made products were went for the poor and colonies. Steam Power mills
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  Life of theWorkers • Due to the easy access to the huge no of workers and seasonality in work, workers faced a great problem of unemployment and others. • Wages increased somewhat in the early nineteenth century but that also could not cope with the demand. • The income of workers depended not on the wage rate alone. It was also critical was the period of employment: the number of days of work determined the average daily income of the workers. • The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. • This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time. After the 1840s, building activity intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment. • Roads were widened, new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended, tunnels dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked. The number of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.
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  Industrialisation in theColonies: The Age of Indian Textiles • A variety of Indian merchants and bankers were involved in this network of export trade financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters • The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports. This shift from the old ports to the new ones was an indicator of the growth of colonial power. Trade through the new ports came to be controlled by European companies, and was carried in European ships.
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  What Happened toWeavers? • After the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. • It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. • The following steps were taken by the company, First: the Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver. Second: it prevented Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the ‘gomastha’, the middle man appointed by the company
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  Manchester Comes toIndia • The cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries. • They pressurised the government to impose import duties on cotton textiles so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. At the same time industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British manufactures in Indian markets as well. • Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century. Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem. • By the end of the nineteenth century, weavers and other craftspeople faced yet another problem. Factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine-goods.
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  Factories Come Up:The Early Entrepreneurs • In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s. • Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England. • Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917
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  Where Did theWorkers Come From? • In most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. • Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during harvests and festivals. Getting jobs was always difficult, even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. • The old Jobber who worked for the company for many years, got people from his village, ensured those jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis. The jobber therefore became a person with some authority and power.
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  The Peculiarities ofIndustrial Growth • In beginning the traders were more interested in different kind of products like coffee plantation, mining, indigo and Jute. • Indian businessmen began setting up industries in the late nineteenth century, they avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market. • By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation. As the swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth. • Fly Shuttle increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand. Certain groups of weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries.
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  Market for Goods •When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi. • It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars.
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  Thank You