Socialogy

INTRODUCTION

People must interact
with one another from
different communities.

People are born into a
certain group most certainly
will from new groups
throughout their lives.

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DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL GROUP
refers to a group of people that share things in
common namely; purpose, goals, hobbies,
behavior etc. (BOTTOMORE, T.B. )

TWO DISTINCT CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPING

There is a connection between individual and a
social group.

Every individual is aware
of groups and symbols
involved.

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DEFINITIONS OF SOCIAL GROUP
It is a group of people which interacting with
one another in a particular way. (Merton, R.)

They share mutual interaction among members
and have a sense of belongingness.

Every social group differs in
terms of its size, purpose and
structure.
If individuals become
members of a particular
social group, they can also
become members of another
social group.

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Basic Group

Secondary Group

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Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

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Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

Peer Group

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Basic Group

Secondary Group

Out and In Group

Peer Group

Reference Group

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Statistical Group

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Statistical Group

Categorical Group

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Statistical Group

Categorical Group

Aggregate Group

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Statistical Group

Categorical Group

Aggregate Group

Association Group

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BASIC GROUP
Cooley, C.H. claims that basic group consists of both
small and informal group.

PATTERNS OF INTERACTION
Personal, direct and Intimate namely;
Personal, Family, and Play Group

They are responsible for
moulding personalities of their
members.
Acts as initial group discovered
by individual since birth.

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Involves face to face intimate interaction, bound by commitment
of its members.

Gives a sense of belonging
Very influential in shaping and among its members enabling
developing personalities and them to share each others
identities of individuals. emotions and identities.

Relationship not based on returns.

Able to share conversation, experiences
and emotions with one another.

Not bound by formal rules or law but
involves the integrity and their own
rules.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC GROUP
Small size group to promote good and more
intimate interaction .

If number of members increase interaction
becomes less focused owing to the fact that
members fail to understand each others roles.

Size does not really matter as it does not really
portray the real situation. Example in a broken
family.

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FACE –TO- FACE INTERACTION

Regular meeting among members to create intimate bond in
their group.

Members must know each other and interaction would be
meaningless if there is no understanding.

Example: Students sit in for lecturers with other
students without knowing each other is
not a basic group.

A broken family.

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DURATION OF INTERACTION

Regular and long interaction
to build intimacy.
Members in basic group who
have achieved intimacy, find
themselves reluctant to leave
the group.

Example: Children stay in their
parents or vice- versa.

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Why is basic group important
to individuals and society?

Develops personality and self-
esteem that are acceptable to the
society.

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SECONDARY GROUP
Relationship among members is less intimate compared to
the basic group.

Members interact indirectly,
formally and rarely face to face.

Formed for specific purpose and
for a specific amount of time only.
Once aims are achieved the group
will disperse.
The size of secondary group is relatively bigger than
that of a basic group.
Members differ in terms of likes, behavior, morale and
etc.
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SECONDARY GROUP
Actions and feelings among members are controlled
hence members become less intimate with one another.

When situation and conditions are right, secondary group
may evolve into basic group.
Example: Students rally together to sort out
and settle problems they encounter in their
residential college.

However, such basic group is not
permanent, it may regress back in to
the secondary group once solutions to
their problems are found.

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Why is secondary group
important to individuals and
society?

It fulfills a certain purpose namely
to fix a policy pertaining to a
matter in a committee.

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IN AND OUT GROUP
Social group has its own principles and
practices.

Members hold strongly to the principles hence
share a “Sense of “Belonging.

Appear to be isolated from the rest of the
groups because members hold strongly to their
own practices and principles.

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DEFINITION OF IN-GROUP
Individuals feel that they ought to belong to a group.
The members strongly hold to their own set of
ideologies, fate, come from the same background and
highly aware.

The strength of the IN-GROUP depends on the support
among members of the group.

Individuals that belong to a superior group cannot become
a member of another group. (Summer, W.G.)

Example: Members of the Republicans will
not be accepted into the democrats.

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DEFINITION OF OUT-GROUP

Individuals feel as if they do not belong to any group.

An individual plays two different roles (IN-GROUP and
OUT-GROUP) simultaneously.
Example: A Muslim Group (IN-GROUP)
considers a group of Buddhists as an
OUT-GROUP and vice-versa.

OUT-GROUP is viewed as INFERIOR
by the IN-GROUP.
IN-GROUP considers those in the OUT-GROUP as just
like the rest.

When tested either tangibly or intangibly by the Out-
Group, the strength of an In-Group becomes good.

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Two Features of IN AND OUT GROUP

Involvement among the In-group gives a sense
of belonging and strength but with it comes
conflicts which pose obstacles in interaction
with other communities..

Forced collaboration between two groups will
bring about true cooperation bringing down
boundaries and even differences.
Example: Cooperation in the Aftermath of
natural Disasters.

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Considered to be a basic Group that is both informal and
small.

Made up of a group of people that share the same status
and usually are of the same age group. Equality is the
key success.

Nonetheless, there are Peer Groups that may not be of
the same age but share the characteristics of Peer Group
namely informal, basic relationship and have equality.

Example: Peer friends are Clubbing
friends, Peer friends in school,
Street gangs and etc.

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Teenagers who form this group share similar behavior,
norms, interest and interest.

Everyone in this group share equal position.
Likewise, secondary group also exists among adults.

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TWO PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE IN
PEER GROUP
(Mayo, E.)

Power and Social Control
• Problem within a group may occur if more than one member
wish to be a leader.

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TWO PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE IN
PEER GROUP
(Mayo, E.)

Power and Social Control
• Problem within a group may occur if more than one member
wish to be a leader.

Integration
• Problems occur when a new student tries to mix around in
his/her new group especially when Junior mix with the
Seniors. They tend to go through the integration process.

“When Integration takes place in a Peer Group, personal problem
is inevitable.” – Durkheim, E.
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Acts as a guide to an individual when shaping the belief,
attitude, value and behavior.

Psychologically identified as a group that provides a
mirror to evaluate ourselves.
Influences the way we think and behave.

A member of a group cannot be a member of the
Reference Group looked up upon.

Becomes an attraction due to its intelligence, dressing
and behavior.

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Reference • Compares itself with the
Comparative Reference Group and
Group able to point out the
differences involved.
(COMPARATIVE)

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Reference • Compares itself with the
Comparative Reference Group and
Group able to point out the
differences involved.
(COMPARATIVE)

Reference • When someone tries to
Normative Group conform to the norms of
(NORMATIVE) the group.

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“Reference group acts as a yard stick to our
attitude and behavior.” - Hodges, C.

Reference Group can be divided
into two groups:

• Attitude and • Attitude and
behavior that behavior that
should be should not be
followed. avoided.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE

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Founded by Sociologists and Statisticians.

Made up of members of society and its phenomenon.

Example: Men with the body mass of
between 55-80- kg and undergraduates
with accumulative points of 3.5.

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Places a certain characteristics as an important
element.
Example: A Millionaire who
lives in Kenny Hill amongst the
other millionaires.

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AGGREGATE GROUP
Members of the society ay coincidentally meet or
gather.

Example: A group of students waiting for a bus.

Interactions that takes place can be brief
and short. Members may not be familiar
with one another.

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DYADS TRIADS
Norms and roles will dictate the behavior of a group
once a group is set up.

Size and power within the group determine the
kind of relationship that takes place in the
group.

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The smallest group in the society.

DYADS Example: A couple

The strength of this relationship
depends solely on the involvement of
both parties.

“A failed DYAD relationship is the
result of either one of the party
withdraws or retreats.” - Simmel

TRIADS Social interaction that involves a
threesome.

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TRIADS is Based on Rules and Regulations
(STARK, R.)

TRANSITIVITY (BALANCED)
• Inconsistent relationship with the third party
• Said to be INTRANSITIVE if either one of them is no
longer in favor with the other two in the Triad.

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TRIADS is Based on Rules and Regulations
(STARK, R.)

TRANSITIVITY (BALANCED)
• Inconsistent relationship with the third party
• Said to be INTRANSITIVE if either one of them is no
longer in favor with the other two in the Triad.

COALITION FORMULATION
• Two of the three some get together and confront the
third party.

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PRESSURES FROM
GROUP AND CONFORMITY

According to ASCH (1952), pressure subjected to the minority
may result in 1/3 of the subject conforming to result made by
the majority even though the result is the opposite to its
perception.

ASCH came up with a few important assumptions: Though 2/3 of
subject did not conform to the majority, there was a handful that
agreed with the results.

When ASCH introduced new student in his case study, the student
choose not to conform. With the existence of a nonconformist,
group think becomes impaired.

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Socialogy

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