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Society.pptx
- 1. RESOURCE PERSON: IFFATKHALID LECTURER DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES
- 3. WHAT IS SOCIETY •Society is a concept used to describe the structured relations and institutions among a large community of people which cannot be reduced to a simple collection or aggregation of individuals. • The concept of society can be traced to the fourteenth century, when the primary meaning was companionship or association, a meaning which still exists today. However, the specific sociological meaning of society was not developed until the nineteenth century. • A strong argument can be made for the view that it was Emile Durkheim who first developed the sociological meaning of ‘society’ which he used when he established sociology as a new discipline which dealt with the collective reality of human life as opposed to studying individuals.
- 4. TYPES OF SOCIETY Followingare the five major types of society • Hunting and Gathering Societies • Horticultural and Pastoral Societies • Agrarian (agricultural) Societies • Industrial Societies • Post-industrial Societies
- 6. HUNTING AND GATHERINGSOCIETIES • The oldest societies that existed almost 250,000 years ago. • Hunting and food-gathering constitute the main occupation of such societies. • There exists a simple division of labour based on age and gender. • Men do most of the hunting and women most of the gathering • These societies are fairly egalitarian (i-e women and men in these societies are roughly equal). • To ensure their mutual survival, everyone is expected to help find food and share the food. • These societies tend to be quite small, often consisting of only a few dozen people. • Private ownership of property is virtually non-existent, so also is exchange and credit.
- 7. HUNTING AND GATHERINGSOCIETIES • The patterns of economic activity are, thus, simple and undifferentiated. • Due to intense interdependence hunting-and-gathering peoples tend to be very peaceful, • The social structure is highly integrated and unified • The interaction among the members of a tribal society follows the pattern of interaction among the members of a primary group. • social control is exercised through folkways and similar other informal ways. • Religion of the tribal people is expressed in terms of totemism and magic. Totem refers to an emblematic depiction of an animal or plant that gives a family or clan its name and that often serves as a reminder of its ancestry. totemism, system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a spirit-being, such as an animal or plant. The entity, or totem, is thought to interact with a given kin group or an individual and to serve as their emblem or symbol.
- 8. HUNTING AND GATHERINGSOCIETIES • Over the last 500 years, the population of hunter- gatherers has declined dramatic ally. Today very few exist, with the Hadza people of Tanzania being one of the last groups to live in this tradition.
- 9. HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORALSOCIETIES
- 10. HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORALSOCIETIES • Horticultural and pastoral societies both developed about 10,000–12,000 years ago. • In horticultural societies, people use hoes and other simple hand tools to raise crops. • Horticultural societies tend to be less nomadic, as they are able to keep growing their crops in the same location for some time. • In pastoral societies, people raise and herd sheep, goats, camels, and other domesticated animals • They use them as their major source of food and also, depending on the animal, as a means of transportation. • Pastoral societies tend to be at least somewhat nomadic, as they often have to move to find better grazing land for their animals. • Some societies are either primarily horticultural or pastoral, while other societies combine both forms.
- 11. • Both typesof societies often manage to produce a surplus of food from vegetable or animal sources, respectively, and this surplus allows them to trade their extra food with other societies. • It also allows them to have a larger population size than hunting-and-gathering societies that often reaches several hundred members. • Horticultural and pastoral societies have greater inequality in terms of gender and wealth than is found in hunting-and-gathering societies. • In pastoral societies, wealth stems from the number of animals a family owns, and families with more animals are wealthier and more powerful than families with fewer animals. • In horticultural societies, wealth stems from the amount of land a family owns, and families with more land are wealthier and more powerful. • The greater complexity and wealth of horticultural and pastoral societies generates greater conflict. • The differences in wealth leads to disputes and even fighting over land and animals.
- 13. AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURALSOCIETIES • Agricultural societies developed some 5,000 years ago in the Middle East with the invention of the plow. • When pulled by oxen and other large animals, the plow allowed for much more cultivation of crops than the simple tools of horticultural societies permitted. • The wheel was also invented about the same time, and written language and numbers began to be used. • The development of agricultural societies thus marked a watershed in the development of human society. • Ancient Egypt, China, Greece and Rome were all agricultural societies. Pakistan, India and many other large nations even today remain primarily agricultural. • Due to the greater food production these societies become quite large, with their numbers sometimes reaching into the millions. • Their huge food surpluses lead to extensive trade, both within the society itself and with other societies.
- 14. AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURALSOCIETIES • The surpluses and trade both lead to degrees of wealth unknown in the earlier types of societies. • This leads to unprecedented inequality. • This inequality of wealth caused for the first time the appearance of peasants, people who work on the land of rich landowners. • Agricultural societies’ greater size and inequality also produce more conflict, both on internal as well as external levels. • A form of internal conflicts is rich landowners’ struggle with each other for even greater wealth and power. • The example of External conflicts is the struggle of governments of these societies to seek other markets for trade and greater wealth.
- 15. AGRARIAN OR AGRICULTURALSOCIETIES • Gender inequality becomes very pronounced in agricultural societies • It is because men do more of the physical labor in agricultural societies—labor on which these societies depend—they have acquired greater power over women.
- 17. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES • Industrialsocieties emerged in the 1700s as the development of machines and then factories replaced the plow and other agricultural equipment as the primary mode of production. • Due to marked transformation brought by industry in many of the world’s societies the period from about 1750 to the late 1800s is called the Industrial Revolution. • On the Positive side, industrialization brought about technological advances that improved people’s health and living styles. • For a greater emphasis on individualism in industrial societies, people in these societies typically enjoy greater political freedom than those in older societies. • Industrial societies also have lowered economic and gender inequality. • On the negative side, industrialization meant the rise and growth of large cities and concentrated poverty and degrading conditions in these cities.
- 18. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES • hisurbanization changed the character of social life by creating a more impersonal and less traditional Gesellschaft society. • It also led to riots and other urban violence • It helped the rise of the modern police force and forced factory owners to improve workplace conditions. • Today industrial societies consume most of the world’s resources • They have polluted the environment to an unprecedented degree • They have compiled nuclear arsenals that could undo thousands of years of human society in an instant. • Religion was divorced from the public life and made a personal matter to the larger extent.
- 19. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES • Weare increasingly living in what has been called the information technology age • Wireless technology vies with machines and factories as the basis for our economy. • Compared to industrial economies, we now have many more service jobs, ranging from housecleaning to secretarial work to repairing computers. • In postindustrial societies, then, information technology and service jobs have replaced machines and manufacturing jobs as the primary dimension of the economy • the smartphone or netbook/laptop is the sign of the economic and social future in the early years of the 21st century. • Cell phone, computer, and software companies are dominant industries at the beginning of the 21st century, with workers huddled over their wireless
- 20. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES • TheIndustrial Revolution has now been replaced by the Information Revolution, and we now have what has been called an information society • Some scholars fear that the information age will aggravate the disparities we already have between the “haves” and “have-nots” of society. • Postindustrial societies may also have a leg up over industrial or, especially, agricultural societies as the world moves ever more into the information age.
- 21. LIMITS OF TECHNOLOGY •What is technology? • Basic technology was hammer, plow , shelter etc • Modern technology: mobile, laptop, speaker etc • Limits of technology • 1.. Natural limit • 2.. Economical Limit • 3.. Ethical Limit
- 22. LIMITS OF TECHNOLOGY •Natural Limit • The laws of physics tell us that we cannot travel faster than the speed of light. So no matter what technology we come up with, we believe that no spaceship will ever be able to break that. Another kind of natural limit is a logical limit: something can't be true and untrue at the same time. For example there's no way for technology to allow us to use every inch of land on Earth and also protect every natural ecosystem. Technology can help us protect the environment by finding ways to achieve the same thing with fewer resources, but there's only so much it can do. • Economic Limits: • It's possible that certain things are within the reach of technology but are so expensive that they're completely impractical. Medicines for therapy etc • Ethical Limits • genetic engineering, cloning, artificial intelligence, surveillance, cybernetics, and biological warfare
- 23. SOCIETIES What HoldsSocieties Together? People's norms, beliefs, and values make up a collective consciousness, or a shared way of understanding and behaving in the world. The collective consciousness binds individuals together and creates social integration. How Have Societies Changed? Some of the more important of these changes include commercialization, increasing division of labour, growth of production, formation of nation-states, bureaucratization, growth of technology and science, secularization, urbanization, spread of literacy, increasing geographic and social mobility, and growth …… • Why Do Societies Change? • Social change can evolve from a number of different sources, including contact with other societies (diffusion), changes in the ecosystem (which can cause the loss of natural resources or widespread disease), technological change (epitomized by the Industrial Revolution, which created a new social group, the urban proletariat), and population growth and other demographic variables. Social change is also spurred by ideological, economic, and political movements.