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Sociological Research Methods- Qualitative and quantitative
- 1. Presented by, Sameena M.S UGCJunior Research Fellow, Dept. of Sociology Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady, Kerala, India
- 2. Research- “systematicinvestigation into and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach valid conclusions” This systematic investigation progresses through a method or logic of enquiry
- 3. Method thathas been adopted Competency of method In what way it has contributed to theoretical understanding Therefore, success of any research is greatly influenced by the methods adopted
- 4. Methods- “toolsof data generation and analysis” Chosen on the basis of criteria dictated by the major elements of the methodology in which they are embedded Methodology- “the science of methods” Contains standards and principles employed to guide the choice, structure, process and use of methods as directed by the underlying paradigm
- 5. “Methods referto particular procedures and tools of research (e.g. interview) whilst methodology is about theory of how research is carried out or the broad principles of how to conduct research and how theory is applied (e.g. Survey research methodology or experimental methodology)” -Harding
- 6. 1830s- modernsocial science began Applied scientific method to study human thought and behaviour By 1930s- social sciences divided Formed separate departments in Universities Divisions on the basis of research methods Later there was a shift away from seeing scientific method (quantitative) as the only valid way of gaining data – but also a realization that both methods are needed
- 7. “consist ofthe process of seeking answers to questions about the social world” To answer these questions, social scientists employ wide range of methods Quantitative Social research methods Qualitative
- 8. “The termquantitative method refers in large part to the adoption of natural science experiment as the model for scientific research , its key features being quantitative measurement of the phenomena studied and systematic control of the theoretical variables influencing those phenomena” -Hammersely
- 9. Positivistic Collectdata using standardized approaches on a range of variables Test given theory by confirming or denying precise hypothesis Conceptualizes reality in terms of variables and relationships between them
- 10. It restson measurement Prestructures data, research questions, conceptual framework, design etc. Larger sample and generalization through sample Well developed n codified methods for data analysis Common quantitative methods- surveys and experiments
- 11. most commonlyused Based on using statistical sampling methods Takes representative sample from a given population, apply standardized and structured instrument Enables descriptive and explanatory generalization.
- 12. Used tostudy the causal relationships between variables Studying the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable by keeping the other independent variable constant through some type of control
- 13. Produces datawhich is clear, powerful and easily verifiable Conclusions reached are scientific, objective, reliable and valid Generalization possible Clear data analysis strategy Easily replicable
- 14. Do notpay attention to social meanings No place for participants Very artificial Closed method, strictly planned Instrument chosen before the study begins and no option for correction or adjustment Can’t be so precise, people change Social situation is too complex for numerical description
- 15. “Methods thatare associated with a variety of theoretical perspectives and uses a range of tools which focus on the meanings and interpretation of social phenomena & social processes in the particular contexts in which they occur” -SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods
- 16. “Interpretative”, Triesto explore subjective meaning through which people interpret the world Deals with cases and researcher gets closer to what is being studied Aims at in-depth holistic understanding Less formalized methods Greater flexibility Sampling- theoretical not probabilistic
- 17. Open endedto explore interpretations Allow collection of detailed information Commonly used qualitative methods- interviewing, ethnography, observations, focus groups, case studies and content analysis
- 18. “a twoway systematic conversation between an investigator and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to particular study” Involves conversation, learning from respondent’s gestures, facial expressions and pauses and his environment
- 19. A methodof enquiry through observation of institutions, cultures and customs Helps the researcher to understand systematically about the world people see and to develop theories about the social world, irrespective of his preconception
- 20. “systematic viewingof a specific phenomenon in its proper setting, for the specific purpose of gathering data for a particular study” Includes seeing, hearing and perceiving
- 21. Held witha group of participants to stimulate discussion among people and bring to the surface responses that otherwise might lay dormant.
- 22. “an in-depthcomprehensive study of a person, a social group, an episode, a process, a situation, a programme, a community, an institution or any other social unit” Most common qualitative method
- 23. A methodfor making inference by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of contents of documents Gathers data from archival records, documents, newspapers, diaries, letters etc.
- 24. Presenting amore realistic view of the world Stressing interpretations and meanings Achieving a deeper understanding of the respondent’s world Humanizing research process by raising the role of the researched Researching people in natural settings Allowing higher flexibility
- 25. Problem ofreliability caused by extreme subjectivity Risk of collecting meaningless & useless information Very time consuming Problem of representativeness & generalisability of findings Problem of objectivity & detachment Problem of ethics (entering the personal sphere of subjects)
- 26. “there’s nosuch thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0” -Fred Kerlinger “all research ultimately has a qualitative grounding” -D.T Campbell
- 27. Comparison dimension Qualitative method Quantitativemethod Objective To understand underlying reasons Quantify data & generalize results perspective interpretative positivistic sample Small no, non- representative cases Large no, representing the population Type of research exploratory descriptive Data collection Unstructured/semi structured structured administration Requires interviewer with special skills Fewer special skills required analysis Subjective, Statistical,
- 28. Ability to replicateLow high Hardware Tape recorders, projection devices, videos.. Questionnaires, computers, printouts.. Data Involves words Involves numbers Role of the researcher Objective observer Subjectively immersed in the subject matter generalization inductive Deductive, time and context specific Flexibility of design Flexible, can be changed Not flexible, Standardized and fixed design theory Builds theory Tests theory
- 29. Combing qualitativeand quantitative methods To capitalize strengths, to compensate weaknesses
- 30. Success ofany research is greatly influenced by the method adopted Qualitative and quantitative methods present only a choice of alternative methods according to the appropriateness of research problem Sound mix of both is always advisable “whether we use words or number, we might as well use them right” -Lewis Beck
- 31. Adler, E,S and Clark, R (2006) Invitation to Social Research, New Delhi: Cengage Learning Bernard, Ressell H (2000) Social Research Methods: Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches, New Delhi: SAGE. Chadwik, B, A. Bahr, H, M and Albrecht, S, L (1984) Social Science Research Methods, N.J: Prentice Hall. Churton, Mel (2000) Theory and Method, London: Mc Millan. David, Mathew and Sutton, Carole (2011) Social Research: An Introduction; II edtn, New Delhi: SAGE. Devi, Laxmi (1997) Encyclopedia of Social Research, New Delhi: SAGE. Henn, Matt. Weinstein, Mark and Nick, Foard (2006) A Short Introduction To Social Research, New Delhi: Vistaar publication. Japp, Victor (2006) The Sage Dictionary Of Social Research Methods, New Delhi: SAGE. Kuper, Adam (2006) The Social Science Encyclopedia (II edtn), New York: Routledge. Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., Liao,T,F (2004) The SAGE Encyclopedia Of Social Science Research Methods, New Delhi: SAGE. Mason, Jennifer and Dale, Angela (2011) Understanding Social Research: Thinking Creatively About Method, New Delhi: SAGE. Mukherji, Partha Nath (2000) Methodology in Social Science Research: Dilemmas And Perspectives, New Delhi: SAGE.
- 32. Porta, Dand Keating, M (2008) Approaches To And Methodologies In The Social Sciences: A Pluralist Perspective, U.K: Cambridge University Press. Punch, K, F (2008) Introduction To Social Research Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches, New Delhi: SAGE. Singleton, R, A. Bruce, J, R and straits, C (2005) Approaches to Social Research (IV edtn), New York: Oxford University Press. Sotirios, Sarantakos (1998) Social Research; II edtn, London: Mc Millan. Tashakkori, Abbas and Teddie, Charles (1998) Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches, New Delhi: SAGE. Williams, Malcome (2003) Making Sense of Social Research, New Delhi: SAGE. Young, Pauline, V (1996) Scientific Social Surveys and Research, New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. URL Sources: http://www.snapsurveys.com/techadvqualquant.shtml http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/f.cfm http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/siegle/research/qualitative/qualquan.htm http://www.kelcom.igs.net/nhodgins/quant_qual.html http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/corpus3/qual.htm