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Solid dosage forms (tablets)

The document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of tablets classified by their route of administration or function. The document outlines the preparation process for tablets including granule preparation, compression into tablets, and coating. It discusses excipients used and quality control tests performed on tablets.

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Solid Dosage Forms (Tablets) Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya. E-Mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/05/24 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Content of Tablets • Definition • Advantages and disadvantages • Types of tablets • Preparation of granules for compression • Compression of granules into tablets • Coating of tablets • Quality control of tablets 2014/05/24 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Definition • Tablets are the solid dosage form containing medicament or medicaments, usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. • Tablets are prepared by the compression method and are hence called the “Compressed Tablets”. 2014/05/24 3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Advantages of Tablets 1. The tablets are easy to be administered 2. They are easy to be dispensed 3. These are more stable dosage form 4. They maintain the accuracy of dosage 5. Bitter and nauseous substances can be given easily in tablet form after giving a suitable coating to the tablets 6. They are the lightest and the most compact of all dosage forms 7. These are an economical dosage form 2014/05/24 4 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Disadvantages of Tablets 1. Some drugs resist compression into tablet form due to their amorphous nature or low density character. 2. Bitter tasting drugs, drugs with objectionable odour or drugs that the sensitive to oxygen or atmospheric moisture may require encapsulation or a special type of coating which may increase the cost of the finished tablets. 3. Drugs with poor wetting and slow dissolution properties are difficult to convert into tablets which provide full drug bioavailability 2014/05/24 5 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Types of tablets • Tablets are classified according to their route of administration or function. The following are the four main classification groups:- A.Tablets ingested orally B.Tablets used in the oral cavity C.Tablets administered by other routes D.Tablets used to prepare solutions 2014/05/24 6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
A. Tablets ingested orally 1. Compressed tablets 2. Multiple compressed tablets or press coated tablets 3. Multilayered tablets 4. Sustained action tablets 5. Enteric coated tablets 6. Sugar coated tablets 7. Film coated tablets 8. Chewable tablets 2014/05/24 7 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
B. Tablets used in the oral cavity 1. Buccal tablets 2. Sublingual tablets 3. Lozenge tablets and traches 4. Dental cones 2014/05/24 8 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
C. Tablets administered by other routes 1. Implantation tablets 2. Vaginal tablets 2014/05/24 9 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
D. Tablets used to prepare solutions 1. Effervescent tablets 2. Dispensing tablets 3. Hypodermic tablets 4. Tablet triturates 2014/05/24 10 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Compressed tablets (C.T.) • These tablets are uncoated and made by compression of granules. • These tablets are usually intended to provide rapid disintegration and drug release. • These tablets contain water soluble drugs which after swallowing get disintegrated in the stomach and its drug contents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distribute in the whole body. 2014/05/24 11 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Multi compressed tablets (M.C.T.) • These tablets are prepared to separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients or to produce repeat-action or prolonged-action products. • To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation except the incompatible material are compressed into a core tablet and then incompatible substance along with necessary excipients are compressed over the previously compressed core tablet. • A special type of tablet making machine is used which provides two compressions. 2014/05/24 12 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Multilayered tablets • These tablets consist of two or more layers of materials compressed successively in the same tablets. • The colour of each layer may be the same or different. • The tablets having layers of different colours are known as “multicoloured tablets”. • These tablets are prepared to separate incompatible ingredients physically. 2014/05/24 13 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Sustained action tablets • These tablets are used to get a sustained action of medicament. • These tablets when taken orally release the medicament in a sufficient quantity as and when required to maintain the maximum effective concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment. • Controlled release of drug helps in getting the desired degree of action. • These tablets are gaining popularity these days. 2014/05/24 14 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Enteric coated tablets • These are compressed tablets meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to bypass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestines only. • These tablets are made to release the drug undiluted and in the highest concentration possible within the intestine. e.g. tablets containing anthelmentics and amoebicides. 2014/05/24 15 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Sugar coated tablets • The compressed tablets having a sugar coating are called “sugar coated tablets”. • Sugar coating is done to mark the bitter and unpleasant odour and the taste of the medicament. • The sugar coating makes the tablet elegant and it also safe guards the drug from atmospheric effects. 2014/05/24 16 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Film coated tablets • The compressed tablets having a film coating of some polymer substance, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose. • The film coating protects the medicament from atmospheric effects. • Film coated tablets are generally tasteless, having little increase in the tablet weight and have less elegance than that of sugar coated tablets. 2014/05/24 17 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Chewable tablets • These tablets are chewed in the mouth and broken into smaller pieces. • In this way, the disintegration time is reduced and the rate of absorption of the medicament is increased e.g. aluminium hydroxide tablets and phenolphthalein tablets. 2014/05/24 18 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Buccal tablets • These tablets are to be placed in the buccal pouch or between the gums and lips or cheek where they dissolve or disintegrate slowly and are absorbed directly without passing into the alimentary canal. e.g. tablets of ethisterone. 2014/05/24 19 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Sublingual tablets • These tablets are to be placed under the tongue where they dissolve or disintegrate quickly and are absorbed directly without passing into GIT (gastro intestinal tract). e.g. tablets of glyceryl trinitrite. 2014/05/24 20 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Lozenge tablets and troches • These tablets are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth or throat. • These tablets are commonly used to treat sore throat or to control coughing in common cold. • They may contain local anaesthetics, antiseptic, antibacterial agents, astringents and antitussives. • These are prepared by compression at a high pressure or by the moulding process and generally contain a sweetening agent, a flavouring agent and a substance which produces a cooling effect along with medicaments. 2014/05/24 21 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Dental cones • These are relatively minor compressed tablets meant for placing them in the empty sockets after tooth extraction. • They prevent the multiplication of bacteria in the socket following such extraction by using slow- releasing antibacterial compounds or to reduce bleeding by containing the astringent. • These tablets contain an excipient like lactose, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride etc. • These cones generally get dissolved in 20 to 40 minutes time. 2014/05/24 22 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Implantation tablets • These tablets are placed under the skin or inserted subcutaneously by means of minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed. • These may be made by heavy compression but are normally made by fusion. • The implants must be sterile and should be packed individually in sterile condition. • Implants are mainly used for administration of hormones such as testosterone and deoxycorticosterone etc. 2014/05/24 23 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Vaginal tablets • These tablets are meant to dissolve slowly in the vaginal cavity. • The tablets are typically ovoid or pear shaped to facilitate retention in the vagina. • This tablet form is used to release steroids, antibacterial agents, antiseptics or astringents to treat vaginal infections. • The tablets are often buffered to promote a pH favourable to the action of a specified antiseptic agent. 2014/05/24 24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Effervescent tablets • These tablets when added in water produce effervescence. • So they dissolved rapidly in water due to the chemical reaction which takes place between alkali bicarbonate and citric acid or tartaric acid or combination of both. • These tablets are to be protected from atmospheric moisture during storage. • So, these tablets should be stored in well-closed air tight containers. 2014/05/24 25 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Dispensing tablets • The medicaments commonly incorporated in dispensing these tablets include mild silver proteinate, bichloride of mercury merbromin and quarternary ammonium compounds. • These tablets contain excipient which gets dissolved quickly to form a clear solution. • These tablets are highly toxic if taken orally by mistake. • So, great care must be taken in the packaging and labelling of such tablets in order to prevent their misuse. 2014/05/24 26 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Hypodermic tablets • These are compressed tablets which are composed of one or more drugs with readily water soluble ingredients. • These tablets are dissolved in sterile water or water for injection and administered by parenteral route. • So, special percautions are needed to be taken during their preparations. • These tablets however are not preferred nowadays as there are chances that the solution prepared from hypodermic tablets may be a non-sterile. 2014/05/24 27 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Tablet triturates • These are small tablets usually cylindrical, moulded or compressed, and contain a potent medicament with a diluent. • On a small scale, tablet triturates are prepared by using hand-operated tablet triturates moulds but for bulk production, automatic tablet triturate machines are used. 2014/05/24 28 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Preparation of granules for compression • The following steps are involved during the preparation of granules: a. Weighing of the ingredients: The ingredients should be weighed accurately using a balance of good quality. b. Mixing the powdered ingredients and excipients: The main objective of mixing the medicaments and excipients is to prepare a homogeneous mass, so that uniform tablets can be manufactured. c. Converting the mixed ingredients into granules: The crystalline medicament can be compressed to get good quality compressed tablets. 2014/05/24 29 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
• The granules can be prepared by the following methods: 1. Moist granulation method 2. Dry granulation 3. Granules by preliminary compression Preparation of granules for compression 2014/05/24 30 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Excipients used in formulation of tablets 1. Diluents 2. Granulating agents 3. Binding agents 4. Disintegrating agents 5. Lubricants 6. Adsorbents 7. Colouring agents, Flavouring agents and Sweetening agents. 2014/05/24 31 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Compression of granules into tablets • The dried granules are compressed into tablets in a machine known as tablet making machine. • The various type of machines used for this purpose, are: 1. Single punch tablet machine which may be hand- operated or electrically operated 2. Multipunch tablet machine 3. Rotary tablet machine 4. Dry cota tablet machine 2014/05/24 32 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Working of tablet making machine 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 33
Movements involved in compression of granules into tablets 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 34
Diagram of punch tracks of rotary tablet machine opened out to show cycle of one revolution 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 35
Coating of tablets • Tablets are coated for following purposes: 1. To mask the unpleasant taste and odour 2. To improve the appearance of tablets 3. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects 4. To control the site of action of drugs (Enteric coating) 5. To produce the sustained released product. • The tablet coating is generally done by using any of the following processes: 1. Pan coating 2. Press coating 2014/05/24 36 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Tablet coating pan 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 37
Polishing pan 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 38
Quality control of tablets 1. Shape of tablets 2. Appearance 3. Content of active ingredient in tablets 4. Uniformity of weight 5. Disintigration test for tablets 6. Dissolution test for tablets 7. Mechanical strength 8. Friability test 2014/05/24 39 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
1. Shape of tablets • In the pharmacopoeia the shape of a tablet is defined as circular with flat or convex faces. 2014/05/24 40 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
2. Appearance • When a broken section of an uncoated tablet is examined under a lens, either a relatively uniform texture (single-layer tablets) or a stratified structure (multi-layer tablets) is seen. • There should be no signs of coating • Coated tablets have a smooth and often coloured surface. 2014/05/24 41 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
3. Content of active ingredient in tablets • Generally 20 tablets or such other number as may be indicated in the monograph are used in the assay. • Where 20 tablets cannot be obtained, a smaller number, which must not be less than 5, may be used. • In such cases, the limits specified in the monograph may be relaxed to the extent indicated. • Limits are between 90 and 110 per cent. • For limits less than 90 or greater than 110 per cent proportionately a larger allowance is to be made. 2014/05/24 42 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
4. Uniformity of weight • It is desirable that every individual tablet in a batch should be uniform in weight, but a small variation in the weight of the individual tablet is liable to occur. • Therefore a litter variation is allowed in the weight of a tablet by the pharmacopoeia. • Weight 20 tablets selected at random and determine their average weight. • Not more than 2 of the individual weights may deviate form the average weight by more than the percentage deviation given. 2014/05/24 43 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
4. Uniformity of content • Tablets must comply with the requirements for uniformity of content specified in the individual monograph. • Percentage of medicament is calculated by doing assay for a particular drug, the method of which is given in the pharmacopoeia against its monograph. • As per the pharmacopoeia 20 tablets are taken, powdered and assayed. • The average weight of medicament present in each tablet is calculated which is then compared with the desired weight. • The pharmacopoeia has prescribed the limit in percentage of medicament per tablet in the monograph. 2014/05/24 44 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
4. Uniformity of content • The variation in percentage of medicament per tablet is due to the following reasons: 1. Weighing of materials before granulation 2. During the process of granulation 3. Variation in the weight of an individual tablet 4. Error of random sampling 5. Analysis error 6. Purity of medicament 2014/05/24 45 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
5. Disintegration test for tablet • Disintegration of a tablet means to break the tablet into smaller particles after swallowing. • The time required to disintegrate the tablet is called ‘Disintegration Time”. • The rate of disintegration depends upon the type of the tablet. • The tablets which are dissolved by slow solution in the mouth or chewed or are to be dissolved in water before administration, do not need a disintegration test. 2014/05/24 46 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
• The test of disintegration is required in tablets which are swallowed. • The rate of disintegration differs from tablet to tablet because the nature of the drug. • In some cases the disintegration time is as short as one minute and in other cases it may be as long as 30 minutes. • In general, Pharmacopoeia prescribed a limited of 15 minutes for most of the tablets, unless otherwise indicated in the monograph. 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 47 5. Disintegration test for tablet
The disintegration test apparatus 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 48
6. Dissolution test for tablets • The test is done for measuring the amount of time required for a given percentage of the drug substance in a tablet to go into solution under specified condition in vitro. • The apparatus used for the test is as per specification given in I.P. (Indian Pharmacopoeia) 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 49
Dissolution test apparatus 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 50
7. Mechanical strength • The Pharmacopoeia has not fixed any standard for the mechanical strength or hardness of tablets. • The manufacturers have employed their own tests to ensure that their tablets will withstand the normal risk of handling and transportation. • The following devices are commonly used by manufacturers to find out the mechanical strength of tablets: 1. Monsanto hardness tester 2. Pfizer tablet hardness tester 2014/05/24 51 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Monsanto hardness tester 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 52
Pfizer tablets hardness tester 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 53
8. Friability test • Normally during the course of compression of tablets a sufficient pressure is applied on the granules, so that the tablets can withstand the wear and tear during transportation and handling. • But in spite of observing all the precautions, the tablets show considerable powdering after normal handling, giving an undesirable appearance. • Friability test is performed to evaluate the ability of the tablet to withstand wear and tear in packing, handling and transporting. • The apparatus used to perform this test is known as “Friabilator”. 2014/05/24 54 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
Friabilator 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 55
THANK YOUE-mail: nanjwadebk@gmail.com 2014/05/24 56 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.

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Solid dosage forms (tablets)

  • 1.
    Solid Dosage Forms (Tablets) Dr.Basavaraj K. Nanjwade M. Pharm., Ph. D Department of Pharmaceutics Faculty of Pharmacy Omer Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk, Libya. E-Mail: [email protected] 2014/05/24 1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 2.
    Content of Tablets •Definition • Advantages and disadvantages • Types of tablets • Preparation of granules for compression • Compression of granules into tablets • Coating of tablets • Quality control of tablets 2014/05/24 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 3.
    Definition • Tablets arethe solid dosage form containing medicament or medicaments, usually circular in shape and may be flat or biconvex. • Tablets are prepared by the compression method and are hence called the “Compressed Tablets”. 2014/05/24 3 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 4.
    Advantages of Tablets 1.The tablets are easy to be administered 2. They are easy to be dispensed 3. These are more stable dosage form 4. They maintain the accuracy of dosage 5. Bitter and nauseous substances can be given easily in tablet form after giving a suitable coating to the tablets 6. They are the lightest and the most compact of all dosage forms 7. These are an economical dosage form 2014/05/24 4 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 5.
    Disadvantages of Tablets 1.Some drugs resist compression into tablet form due to their amorphous nature or low density character. 2. Bitter tasting drugs, drugs with objectionable odour or drugs that the sensitive to oxygen or atmospheric moisture may require encapsulation or a special type of coating which may increase the cost of the finished tablets. 3. Drugs with poor wetting and slow dissolution properties are difficult to convert into tablets which provide full drug bioavailability 2014/05/24 5 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 6.
    Types of tablets •Tablets are classified according to their route of administration or function. The following are the four main classification groups:- A.Tablets ingested orally B.Tablets used in the oral cavity C.Tablets administered by other routes D.Tablets used to prepare solutions 2014/05/24 6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 7.
    A. Tablets ingestedorally 1. Compressed tablets 2. Multiple compressed tablets or press coated tablets 3. Multilayered tablets 4. Sustained action tablets 5. Enteric coated tablets 6. Sugar coated tablets 7. Film coated tablets 8. Chewable tablets 2014/05/24 7 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 8.
    B. Tablets usedin the oral cavity 1. Buccal tablets 2. Sublingual tablets 3. Lozenge tablets and traches 4. Dental cones 2014/05/24 8 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 9.
    C. Tablets administeredby other routes 1. Implantation tablets 2. Vaginal tablets 2014/05/24 9 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 10.
    D. Tablets usedto prepare solutions 1. Effervescent tablets 2. Dispensing tablets 3. Hypodermic tablets 4. Tablet triturates 2014/05/24 10 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 11.
    Compressed tablets (C.T.) •These tablets are uncoated and made by compression of granules. • These tablets are usually intended to provide rapid disintegration and drug release. • These tablets contain water soluble drugs which after swallowing get disintegrated in the stomach and its drug contents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distribute in the whole body. 2014/05/24 11 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 12.
    Multi compressed tablets (M.C.T.) •These tablets are prepared to separate physically or chemically incompatible ingredients or to produce repeat-action or prolonged-action products. • To avoid incompatibility, the ingredients of the formulation except the incompatible material are compressed into a core tablet and then incompatible substance along with necessary excipients are compressed over the previously compressed core tablet. • A special type of tablet making machine is used which provides two compressions. 2014/05/24 12 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 13.
    Multilayered tablets • Thesetablets consist of two or more layers of materials compressed successively in the same tablets. • The colour of each layer may be the same or different. • The tablets having layers of different colours are known as “multicoloured tablets”. • These tablets are prepared to separate incompatible ingredients physically. 2014/05/24 13 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 14.
    Sustained action tablets •These tablets are used to get a sustained action of medicament. • These tablets when taken orally release the medicament in a sufficient quantity as and when required to maintain the maximum effective concentration of the drug in the blood throughout the period of treatment. • Controlled release of drug helps in getting the desired degree of action. • These tablets are gaining popularity these days. 2014/05/24 14 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 15.
    Enteric coated tablets •These are compressed tablets meant for administration by swallowing and are designed to bypass the stomach and get disintegrated in the intestines only. • These tablets are made to release the drug undiluted and in the highest concentration possible within the intestine. e.g. tablets containing anthelmentics and amoebicides. 2014/05/24 15 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 16.
    Sugar coated tablets •The compressed tablets having a sugar coating are called “sugar coated tablets”. • Sugar coating is done to mark the bitter and unpleasant odour and the taste of the medicament. • The sugar coating makes the tablet elegant and it also safe guards the drug from atmospheric effects. 2014/05/24 16 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 17.
    Film coated tablets •The compressed tablets having a film coating of some polymer substance, such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose. • The film coating protects the medicament from atmospheric effects. • Film coated tablets are generally tasteless, having little increase in the tablet weight and have less elegance than that of sugar coated tablets. 2014/05/24 17 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 18.
    Chewable tablets • Thesetablets are chewed in the mouth and broken into smaller pieces. • In this way, the disintegration time is reduced and the rate of absorption of the medicament is increased e.g. aluminium hydroxide tablets and phenolphthalein tablets. 2014/05/24 18 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 19.
    Buccal tablets • Thesetablets are to be placed in the buccal pouch or between the gums and lips or cheek where they dissolve or disintegrate slowly and are absorbed directly without passing into the alimentary canal. e.g. tablets of ethisterone. 2014/05/24 19 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 20.
    Sublingual tablets • Thesetablets are to be placed under the tongue where they dissolve or disintegrate quickly and are absorbed directly without passing into GIT (gastro intestinal tract). e.g. tablets of glyceryl trinitrite. 2014/05/24 20 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 21.
    Lozenge tablets andtroches • These tablets are designed to exert a local effect in the mouth or throat. • These tablets are commonly used to treat sore throat or to control coughing in common cold. • They may contain local anaesthetics, antiseptic, antibacterial agents, astringents and antitussives. • These are prepared by compression at a high pressure or by the moulding process and generally contain a sweetening agent, a flavouring agent and a substance which produces a cooling effect along with medicaments. 2014/05/24 21 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 22.
    Dental cones • Theseare relatively minor compressed tablets meant for placing them in the empty sockets after tooth extraction. • They prevent the multiplication of bacteria in the socket following such extraction by using slow- releasing antibacterial compounds or to reduce bleeding by containing the astringent. • These tablets contain an excipient like lactose, sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride etc. • These cones generally get dissolved in 20 to 40 minutes time. 2014/05/24 22 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 23.
    Implantation tablets • Thesetablets are placed under the skin or inserted subcutaneously by means of minor surgical operation and are slowly absorbed. • These may be made by heavy compression but are normally made by fusion. • The implants must be sterile and should be packed individually in sterile condition. • Implants are mainly used for administration of hormones such as testosterone and deoxycorticosterone etc. 2014/05/24 23 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 24.
    Vaginal tablets • Thesetablets are meant to dissolve slowly in the vaginal cavity. • The tablets are typically ovoid or pear shaped to facilitate retention in the vagina. • This tablet form is used to release steroids, antibacterial agents, antiseptics or astringents to treat vaginal infections. • The tablets are often buffered to promote a pH favourable to the action of a specified antiseptic agent. 2014/05/24 24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 25.
    Effervescent tablets • Thesetablets when added in water produce effervescence. • So they dissolved rapidly in water due to the chemical reaction which takes place between alkali bicarbonate and citric acid or tartaric acid or combination of both. • These tablets are to be protected from atmospheric moisture during storage. • So, these tablets should be stored in well-closed air tight containers. 2014/05/24 25 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 26.
    Dispensing tablets • Themedicaments commonly incorporated in dispensing these tablets include mild silver proteinate, bichloride of mercury merbromin and quarternary ammonium compounds. • These tablets contain excipient which gets dissolved quickly to form a clear solution. • These tablets are highly toxic if taken orally by mistake. • So, great care must be taken in the packaging and labelling of such tablets in order to prevent their misuse. 2014/05/24 26 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 27.
    Hypodermic tablets • Theseare compressed tablets which are composed of one or more drugs with readily water soluble ingredients. • These tablets are dissolved in sterile water or water for injection and administered by parenteral route. • So, special percautions are needed to be taken during their preparations. • These tablets however are not preferred nowadays as there are chances that the solution prepared from hypodermic tablets may be a non-sterile. 2014/05/24 27 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 28.
    Tablet triturates • Theseare small tablets usually cylindrical, moulded or compressed, and contain a potent medicament with a diluent. • On a small scale, tablet triturates are prepared by using hand-operated tablet triturates moulds but for bulk production, automatic tablet triturate machines are used. 2014/05/24 28 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 29.
    Preparation of granulesfor compression • The following steps are involved during the preparation of granules: a. Weighing of the ingredients: The ingredients should be weighed accurately using a balance of good quality. b. Mixing the powdered ingredients and excipients: The main objective of mixing the medicaments and excipients is to prepare a homogeneous mass, so that uniform tablets can be manufactured. c. Converting the mixed ingredients into granules: The crystalline medicament can be compressed to get good quality compressed tablets. 2014/05/24 29 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 30.
    • The granulescan be prepared by the following methods: 1. Moist granulation method 2. Dry granulation 3. Granules by preliminary compression Preparation of granules for compression 2014/05/24 30 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 31.
    Excipients used in formulationof tablets 1. Diluents 2. Granulating agents 3. Binding agents 4. Disintegrating agents 5. Lubricants 6. Adsorbents 7. Colouring agents, Flavouring agents and Sweetening agents. 2014/05/24 31 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 32.
    Compression of granules intotablets • The dried granules are compressed into tablets in a machine known as tablet making machine. • The various type of machines used for this purpose, are: 1. Single punch tablet machine which may be hand- operated or electrically operated 2. Multipunch tablet machine 3. Rotary tablet machine 4. Dry cota tablet machine 2014/05/24 32 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 33.
    Working of tabletmaking machine 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 33
  • 34.
    Movements involved incompression of granules into tablets 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 34
  • 35.
    Diagram of punchtracks of rotary tablet machine opened out to show cycle of one revolution 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 35
  • 36.
    Coating of tablets •Tablets are coated for following purposes: 1. To mask the unpleasant taste and odour 2. To improve the appearance of tablets 3. To prevent the medicament from atmospheric effects 4. To control the site of action of drugs (Enteric coating) 5. To produce the sustained released product. • The tablet coating is generally done by using any of the following processes: 1. Pan coating 2. Press coating 2014/05/24 36 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 37.
    Tablet coating pan 2014/05/24 Facultyof Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 37
  • 38.
    Polishing pan 2014/05/24 Faculty ofPharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 38
  • 39.
    Quality control oftablets 1. Shape of tablets 2. Appearance 3. Content of active ingredient in tablets 4. Uniformity of weight 5. Disintigration test for tablets 6. Dissolution test for tablets 7. Mechanical strength 8. Friability test 2014/05/24 39 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 40.
    1. Shape oftablets • In the pharmacopoeia the shape of a tablet is defined as circular with flat or convex faces. 2014/05/24 40 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 41.
    2. Appearance • Whena broken section of an uncoated tablet is examined under a lens, either a relatively uniform texture (single-layer tablets) or a stratified structure (multi-layer tablets) is seen. • There should be no signs of coating • Coated tablets have a smooth and often coloured surface. 2014/05/24 41 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 42.
    3. Content ofactive ingredient in tablets • Generally 20 tablets or such other number as may be indicated in the monograph are used in the assay. • Where 20 tablets cannot be obtained, a smaller number, which must not be less than 5, may be used. • In such cases, the limits specified in the monograph may be relaxed to the extent indicated. • Limits are between 90 and 110 per cent. • For limits less than 90 or greater than 110 per cent proportionately a larger allowance is to be made. 2014/05/24 42 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 43.
    4. Uniformity ofweight • It is desirable that every individual tablet in a batch should be uniform in weight, but a small variation in the weight of the individual tablet is liable to occur. • Therefore a litter variation is allowed in the weight of a tablet by the pharmacopoeia. • Weight 20 tablets selected at random and determine their average weight. • Not more than 2 of the individual weights may deviate form the average weight by more than the percentage deviation given. 2014/05/24 43 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 44.
    4. Uniformity ofcontent • Tablets must comply with the requirements for uniformity of content specified in the individual monograph. • Percentage of medicament is calculated by doing assay for a particular drug, the method of which is given in the pharmacopoeia against its monograph. • As per the pharmacopoeia 20 tablets are taken, powdered and assayed. • The average weight of medicament present in each tablet is calculated which is then compared with the desired weight. • The pharmacopoeia has prescribed the limit in percentage of medicament per tablet in the monograph. 2014/05/24 44 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 45.
    4. Uniformity ofcontent • The variation in percentage of medicament per tablet is due to the following reasons: 1. Weighing of materials before granulation 2. During the process of granulation 3. Variation in the weight of an individual tablet 4. Error of random sampling 5. Analysis error 6. Purity of medicament 2014/05/24 45 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 46.
    5. Disintegration testfor tablet • Disintegration of a tablet means to break the tablet into smaller particles after swallowing. • The time required to disintegrate the tablet is called ‘Disintegration Time”. • The rate of disintegration depends upon the type of the tablet. • The tablets which are dissolved by slow solution in the mouth or chewed or are to be dissolved in water before administration, do not need a disintegration test. 2014/05/24 46 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 47.
    • The testof disintegration is required in tablets which are swallowed. • The rate of disintegration differs from tablet to tablet because the nature of the drug. • In some cases the disintegration time is as short as one minute and in other cases it may be as long as 30 minutes. • In general, Pharmacopoeia prescribed a limited of 15 minutes for most of the tablets, unless otherwise indicated in the monograph. 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 47 5. Disintegration test for tablet
  • 48.
    The disintegration test apparatus 2014/05/24 Facultyof Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 48
  • 49.
    6. Dissolution testfor tablets • The test is done for measuring the amount of time required for a given percentage of the drug substance in a tablet to go into solution under specified condition in vitro. • The apparatus used for the test is as per specification given in I.P. (Indian Pharmacopoeia) 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 49
  • 50.
    Dissolution test apparatus 2014/05/24 Facultyof Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 50
  • 51.
    7. Mechanical strength •The Pharmacopoeia has not fixed any standard for the mechanical strength or hardness of tablets. • The manufacturers have employed their own tests to ensure that their tablets will withstand the normal risk of handling and transportation. • The following devices are commonly used by manufacturers to find out the mechanical strength of tablets: 1. Monsanto hardness tester 2. Pfizer tablet hardness tester 2014/05/24 51 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 52.
    Monsanto hardness tester 2014/05/24 Facultyof Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 52
  • 53.
    Pfizer tablets hardnesstester 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 53
  • 54.
    8. Friability test •Normally during the course of compression of tablets a sufficient pressure is applied on the granules, so that the tablets can withstand the wear and tear during transportation and handling. • But in spite of observing all the precautions, the tablets show considerable powdering after normal handling, giving an undesirable appearance. • Friability test is performed to evaluate the ability of the tablet to withstand wear and tear in packing, handling and transporting. • The apparatus used to perform this test is known as “Friabilator”. 2014/05/24 54 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.
  • 55.
    Friabilator 2014/05/24 Faculty of Pharmacy,Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya. 55
  • 56.
    THANK YOUE-mail: [email protected] 2014/05/2456 Faculty of Pharmacy, Omer Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, Libya.