Somatic cell genetics

Somatic cell genetics

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  SOMATIC CELL GENETICS By KAUSHALKUMAR SAHU Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc) Department of Biotechnology Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )
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  Synopsis • Introduction • Geneticsof somatic cell • Somatic cell genetics • Somatic cell nuclear transfer • Somatic cell hybridization • Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids • In medical application • Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology • Conclusion • References
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  Somatic cell • Somaticcells are all the cells that make up an organism except for the germ cells. Germ cells are the sexually reproductive cells, for example the egg and sperm in mammals, including humans. • Somatic cells are thus named based on the Greek term soma. In Greek, soma means body. Every cell type in an organism’s body, except the reproductive cells, is a somatic cell. More simply put, a somatic cell is a non-sex cell.
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  Genetics of somaticcell • In humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes or 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes • During fertilization, the egg and sperm cell fuse to create a zygote, which will have the full complement of 46 chromosomes. The zygote has one set of 23 chromosomes from the mother and one from the father.
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  Somatic cell genetics •Somatic cell genetics, strictly speaking, means genetic studies of cells other than germ cells, but it is usually used more restrictively, referring to mammalian cells in tissue culture.
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  Somatic Cell NuclearTransfer (SCNT) • Somatic cell nuclear transfer is used to create a clone from an adult organism. DNA from a somatic cell taken from the adult is injected into an unfertilized, enucleated egg and then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
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  Newly formed embryocontaining DNA from somatic cell cell division implant (Diploid )
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  Somatic cell hybridization •In animals fusion of two different cells and production of a hybrid cell have been successfully achieved. These hybrid cells have significant biotechnological applications in many more areas such as: (i) study of control of gene expression and differentiation, (ii) gene mapping, (iii) malignancy, (iv) viral replication, and (v) antibody production through hybridoma technology. • In 1960s, in France, the hybrid cells were successfully produced from mixed cultures of two different cell lines of mouse.
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  Mapping human genesby using human–rodent somatic cell hybrids
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  Many commercial proteinshave been produced by animal cell culture and there medical application is being evaluated. Fig showing the production of t-PA
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  Blood Factor VIII HaemophiliaA is a blood disorder which is a sex-linked genetic disease in humans. The patients suffering from Haemophilia A lack factor VIII, which plays an important role in the clotting of blood. This factor VIII is secreted by a gene present on X-chromosome but this gene undergoes mutations in people suffering from Haemophilia. Current therapy for this disease is the transfusion of blood factor VIII into patients. Using rDNA technology, Factor VIII has been produced from mammalian cell culture e.g. Hamster kidney cell. Erythropoietin (EPO) The EPO is a glycoprotein consisting of 165 amino acids and is formed in the foetal liver and kidneys of the adults. It causes proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into the erythrocytes (erythroblasts) in the bone marrow. Erythropoietin is hormone-like in nature and is released by the kidney under hypoxic or anoxic conditions caused by anaemia. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone-like substance released by the kidney under hypoxic or anoxic conditions caused by anaemia. r-HUEPO- recombinant human erythro- protein has been effectively used to treat anemia associated with AIDS, renal failure etc.
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  The production ofMonoclonal Antibodies using hybridoma technology
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  References • Biotechnology –U.Satyanarayan •Biocyclopedia.com • http://www.ascpt.org/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/about/co pyright/