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Space Missions Design and Operations
- 2. Space Mission DesignAnd Operations VIBHOR THAPLIYAL B.TECH (M.E) 39/SEC-A
- 3. SITE:- EDX.COM INSTITUTE:-Ecole polytechniquefédérale de lausanne DURATION:- 8 WEEKS
- 4. OBJECTIVE •Answer of ourexistence •Other planets like earth •More resources •Exploration
- 5. DETAILS • Types ofspace missions and their objectives • Space environment • General concepts of space vehicle architecture • Risk management and reliability
- 6. Types of spacemission and their objectives Flyby Space Missions One space mission type is known as a flyby, a space mission where a spacecraft passes by a celestial object but isn't held in orbit by it. As the spacecraft passes by, it uses its instruments to observe its target and it sends the information it collects back to Earth.
- 7. One advantage ofa flyby mission has already been sort of revealed; it's used as a quick initial reconnaissance of something that may later be explored with more expensive and technically difficult missions. A disadvantage is that once the spacecraft flies past, it can't return for further investigation. So if something important was missed , the craft cannot change its path again
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- 9. Orbiter Spacecraft Missions Unlikea flyby spacecraft missions, an orbiter spacecraft missions is a type of spacecraft missions in which space craft enters and stays in orbit around a planet. The advantage of an orbiter is that you can collect a lot more data and get more detailed information about the object you're investigating, namely a planet.
- 10. Orbiter Spacecraft Missions Adisadvantage is that you can't land the orbiter onto the surface of the planet to conduct some more serious scientific experiments.
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- 12. Rovers Missions For amore serious investigation, you can turn to a rover spacecraft, an electrically powered spacecraft that can roam around the celestial object they land on to take detailed pictures, soil samples, and perform other specific tasks for scientific purposes.
- 13. The advantage torover spacecraft is that they can do a lot of incredible stuff, including chemical experiments, to give us really detailed insights about a planet. The disadvantage is cost, estimated to be $2.5 billion for the most recent Mars Exploration Rover Mission.
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- 15. Human Space Missions Humansspace missions are the passengers aboard the spacecraft. Spacecraft carrying people may be operated directly, by human crew, or it may be either remotely operated from ground stations on Earth or be autonomous, able to carry out a specific mission with no human involvement. Really good and intelligent approach to places out in space are the advantages of human space flight.
- 16. International Space Stationcrewmember Tracy Caldwell Dyson views the Earth, 2010
- 17. SPACE ENVIRONMENT Outer spaceis the closest known approximation to a perfect vacuum. It has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moons to move freely along their ideal orbits. However, even the deep vacuum of intergalactic space is not devoid of matter, as it contains a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter Stars, planets and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction
- 18. The temperature ofthe vacuum is measured in terms of the kinetic activity of the gas, The gas temperatures in outer space are always at least the temperature but temperature can be high as well For example, the corona of the Sun has temperatures which range over 1.2–2.6 million K Heavy radiation and cosmic rays travelling through space can damage electronic components and pose a health threat to space travelers
- 19. SPACECRAFT ARCHITECTURE Space architecture,in its simplest definition, is the theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space. Materials When designing a component for structural use in a spacecraft it is considered that during its lifetime, the spacecraft will be subjected to severe conditions. These may include various mechanical loads
- 20. vibrations, thermal shocks,electrical charges, radiation, or a chemical and particulate environment. The material selected must meet various standards for strength, stiffness, weight, thermal expansion, and melting point. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and beryllium are the elements that make up the major lightweight alloys used in space vehicles.
- 21. BASIC DESIGN Structure The spacecraftbus carries the payload. It also provides orbit and altitude maintenance, electric power, command, telemetry and data handling, structure and rigidity, temperature control, data storage and communication, if required. The payload and spacecraft bus may be different units or it may be a combined one. The spacecraft may also have a propellant load, which is used to drive or push the vehicle upwards
- 22. Altitude Determination andControl The altitude determination and control subsystem (ADCS) is used to change the altitude (orientation) of the spacecraft. There are some external torques acting on the spacecraft along the axis passing through its centre of gravity which can reorient the ship in any direction or can give it a spin.
- 23. Communication The process ofsending information towards the spacecraft is called uplink or forward link and the opposite process is called downlink or return link. Receiver, transmitter and a wide-angle (hemispheric) antenna are the main components of a basic communication subsystem. The vast majority of spacecraft communicate using radio antennas but few spacecraft communicate using lasers also.
- 24. Tracking and Command Itis used for communication between spacecraft and the ground systems. The subsystem functions are: • Controlling of spacecraft by the operator on earth • Receive the uplink commands, process and send them to other subsystems for implication. • Receive the downlink commands from subsystems, process and transmit them to earth. • Inform constantly about the spacecraft position.
- 25. Power The electrical powersubsystem (EPS) consists of 4 subunits : • Power Source (Battery, solar cell, fuel cells, thermoelectric couple) • Storage unit (No. of batteries in series) • Power Distribution (Cabling, switching, shock protection) • Power Regulation and Control (To prevent battery overcharging and overheating)
- 26. Thermal control subsystem Thermalcontrol subsystem (TCS) is used to maintain the temperature of all spacecraft components within certain limits. Both upper and lower limits are defined for each component. Temperature is controlled by using insulators, radiators, heaters, louvers and by giving proper surface finish to components.
- 27. Propulsion The main functionof the propulsion subsystem is to provide thrust so as to change the spacecraft's translational velocity or to apply torques to change its angular momentum. There is no requirement of thrust and hence even no requirement of propulsion equipment in a simplest spacecraft. But many of them need a controlled thrust in their system, so their design includes some form of metered propulsion (a propulsion system that can be turned on and off in small increments). Thrusting is used for the following purposes: for changing the orbital parameters, to control altitude during thrusting, correct velocity errors
- 28. RISK MANAGEMENT ANDSAFTEY Risk Management Risk Management is a formalized system for managing risks (risk identification, analysis and planned approach). Through a continuous risk management process we are able to better control risk through informed decision making.
- 29. Safety Engineering Safety engineeringis used throughout the life cycle of a system to help identify and eliminate hazards that could injure people or damage hardware. With the complexity of systems continually growing, safety analyses and hazard control are vital to mission success.
- 30. Quality Engineering Quality Engineersproduce and/or verify products to assure that adequate design and manufacturing requirements are specified in processes and project design specifications. Quality Assurance Quality Assurance specialists implement quality assurance functions by defining & imposing requirements for contracted government procurements. The specialists use quality assurance techniques to provide verification that contractor processes and products meet or exceed contracted requirements.