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Speculation and deduction
- 1. Uses of modalverbs MíriamTomàs
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- 3. Logical assumptions anddeductions ▪ Must: ▪ is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical beliefs. ▪ To state something about which you are certain that is true.
- 4. must You have beenpractising all day, you must be exhausted!
- 5. must Sean andJennie mustbe going out again. I’ve seen them talking very lovey-dovey, you know.
- 6. Can’t and couldn’t ▪Can’t and couldn’t are used in negations and express negative logical assumptions.That is to say, you use them when you’re certain that something is not true or real. Monsters can’t be real!
- 7. Can’t and couldn’t Someone’sbeen at home, but it couldn’t beJames, he was at work.
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- 9. Possibility + present infinitive+ perfect infinitive Can Could Could Might May / Might would
- 10. Possibility ▪ Can +present infinitive expresses general possibility, something theoretically possible. You can have milk or juice.
- 11. Possibility Could / may/ might + present infinitive = It is possible/likely, perhaps… It is used to show that something is possible in a specific situation. You should keep that number, it may be useful one day.
- 12. Possibility Could / may/ might + present infinitive = It is possible/likely, perhaps… NOTE: we can use can/could/might in questions, but not MAY. Do you think you can/could/might give me an answer today?
- 13. Possibility ▪ Could /might / would + perfect infinitive It refers to past possibility, something that was possible but didn’t happen. You might have changed jobs.
- 14. They would havebeen a perfect match, but something got in their way.
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- 16. Obligation, duty andnecessity Must Have to Should / ought to Need to
- 17. Obligation, duty andnecessity: must ▪ Must expresses duty, strong obligation to do something, as this something is essential. It also serves to express moral obligation coming from the very speaker. I must explain what happened.
- 18. Obligation, duty andnecessity: have to ▪ Have to expresses strong necessity or obligation. We normally use it when somebody other than the speaker has decided that something is necessary. The landlord said that we have to pay the rent tomorrow.
- 19. Compare… I must finishthe report by 7.00. You have to finish the report by 7.00!
- 20. Must and haveto Do you insist that I…? ▪ Must I stay for the whole meeting? Is it necessary for me…? ▪ Do I have to buy a new phone to replace the old one? These two verb constructions have different meaning in questions.
- 21. Obligation, duty andnecessity: should and ought to ▪ Should and ought to express weak obligation or duty. Also, advice.These are less emphatic than must, have to. You should think it twice before you make a final decision.
- 22. Obligation, duty andnecessity: need ▪ Need expresses necessity (it is necessary to). I need to tidy up my room today.
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- 24. Needn’t / don’thave to / don’t need to ▪ These structures are used with the present infinitive, meaning that it’s not necessary to do something in the present or future. You don’t need to drive me home, I’ll take a cab.
- 25. I needn’t wakeup early today. It’s Saturday!
- 26. Didn’t have to/ didn’t need to ▪ These two expressions are used when it wasn’t necessary to do something. We don’t know if it was done or not. He didn’t have to / didn’t need to buy the newspaper. (we don’t know if he bought the newspaper or not.)
- 27. Needn’t + bareperfect infinitive ▪ It was not necessary to do something but, even so, it was done. (You brought flowers even though there’s plenty of them already) You needn’t have brought flowers!
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- 29. Mustn’t and can’t ▪They are used to say that it is forbidden to do something. Either because it is against the laws, rules, or because you are not allowed to do it. You mustn’t / can’t use a dictionary during the exam.
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- 31. Criticism ▪ Could /should / might / ought to + perfect infinitive are used to criticise someone’s actions or lack of them in the past = it would have been better if you had… You could have been on time for the meeting.
- 32. You ought tohave fed the cat and dog.
- 33. Now it’s yourturn! Go to page 156 to complete exercise 3.
- 34. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have ▪ That can’t have been John you saw at the match – he’s out of the country at the moment.
- 35. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have ▪ You needn’t have brought sandwiches – there’s a perfectly good cafeteria.
- 36. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have ▪ What a mess you’ve made!You should have been more careful.
- 37. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have ▪ I don’t know why she didn’t ask me how to do it – I could have easily helped her.
- 38. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have She must have thought you were too busy – I can’t think of another reason.
- 39. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have Martin really shouldn’t have borrowed my tennis racket without asking first.
- 40. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have I don’t know why Fiona’s so late; do you think she might have got lost coming here?
- 41. Complete the sentenceswith the following modal verbs forms and explain their meanings Must have Should have Might have Could have Can’t have Shouldn’t have Might not have Needn’t have She might not have managed to find the time to come.You know how busy she is.