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spinegourd-210917071043.pptx
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- 3. Introduction Common name:Bristly Balsam Pear, Prickly Carolaho, Teasle gourd, Kantola Botanical name: Momordica dioica Family: Cucurbitaceae Chromosome no: 2n=28 Spine gourd is a perennial, dioecious cucurbit found growing wild in forest areas. It is often cultivated for its fruits which are used as a vegetable. Fruits of spine gourd are available from July to Sept.-Oct. in North India
- 4. Uses Fruits andother plant parts posses several medicinal properties. Roots are applied in bleeding piles, bowels and urinary complaints. The root is pasted and applied over the body of a sedative in fevers.
- 5. Origin and distribution Spine gourd is probably native of India, Plants are distributed from Himalayas to Sri Lanka; up to an altitude of 1500 m. Plants of spine gourd are found naturally growing in hilly tracts of Rajmahal, Hazaribagh and Rajgir of Jharkhand and in wet hills of Maharashtra, Assam and W. Bengal (Rathi et al.,2002).
- 6. Botanical description Spinegourd belongs to the genus Momordica and species dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Its chromosome number (2n) is 28. It is a dioecious climber, stem glabrous, leaves broadly ovate, entire, deeply 3-5 lobed; flowers solitary, yellow, fruits ovoid or ellipsoidal, 2.5-6.3 cm long, shortly beaked, densely echinate with soft spines; seeds slightly compressed, 6.0-7.0 mm long, irregularly corrugated.
- 7. Medicinal values Possesshypoglycemic, Hepatoma protective, gastro protective ulcer healing activities, analgesic, expectorant, nematocidal, antiallergic, antimalarial, antifeedant, antibacterial and antifungal activity
- 8. Soil and climate Spine gourd is a plant of warm season For prolific growth of vine, high humidity and 25-30°C temperature are required. It can successfully be raised in area where average rainfall is 150-250 cm. Plants of spine gourd remain in dormant conditions during winter months. Being a hardy crop, it can be grown in different kinds of soil; however, sandy soil rich in organic matter with provision of good drainage are considered ideal. Soil pH should be in range of between 6 and 7. Before planting, field should be deeply ploughed 3-4 times and thereafter harrowing is done to remove the pieces of perennial weeds.
- 9. Propagation Spine gourdis propagated by seed as well as by vegetative means. Seed propagation Seeds of spine gourd rest in dormant conditions, hence, freshly extracted seeds should not be sown for 5-6 months. Seed dipping in tap water for 24 h before sowing stimulates germination process. Ali et al. (1991) observed enhanced germination of spine gourd seeds at 30°C but not at 20 or 25°C, when the seed coat was removed. There was no effect of gibberellic acid on germination of the intact seeds. The major problem of seed propagation is 1:1 ratio of male and female plants and delay in fruiting.
- 10. By tubers Tuberousroots do not have dormancy and plants raised through tubers are healthy. Tubers are obtained from 2- 3 years old plant and 80-120 g pieces are made for planting. Every planting piece of tubes must have at least 2 buds for sprouting. Panda et al. (1994) obtained enhanced sprouting of tuberous root cuttings (87.5%) following dipping in 1 percent thiourea whereas untreated tubers had only 18.3 per cent sprouting. Planting may be done in month of early Sept.-Oct. or Feb-March. Ram et al. (2002) reported the best time for planting tubers is February under irrigated conditions and June-July in rainy season. Tuberous roots are planted at spacing of 3 m intervals.
- 11. By stem cuttings For raising plants through this method, cuttings are made from terminal portions, however, Sahu et al. (1995) did not observe any significant effects due to type of cutting (basal or terminal). The number of nodes did not influence percentage rooting. Tripathy et al. (1993) reported that terminal cutting produced more nodes per plant and leaves, leaf area and inter nodal length than basal cuttings. Ahmad et al. (1992) obtained highest percentage of rooting (93) and number of roots per cutting (17) by cut tings comprising one auxiliary bud and a mature diploid leaf treated 5 s in 1500 ppm IBA and planted in a mixture of soil: sand: compost (1:2:1).
- 12. Grafting Spine gourdwas grafted on rootstocks of Cucurbita moschata, C trifolia or F1 hybrids of C. maxima x C. moschata. Control of M. dioica was grown on their own roots. Physiological measurements were made for mature leaves between 5th and 9th nodes under irradiances of 0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 700, 900, and 1200 and 1500 (natural solar irradiation) µ mol m-2, s-1 at 283°C and 45% RH. The net photo synthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2, concentrations were similar for grafted and control plants in response to irradiance. In grafted plants, total DM production was 2-3 times higher than in control at both vegetative and flowering stage of growth. The root stocks had marked influence on scion (Mian et al., 1992).
- 14. Varieties Indira Kankad 1 Spine gourd genotype RMF 37 identified as variety “Indira Kakoda 1” by Central Variety Release committee (CVRC) for 5 states i.e. Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Maharashtra. It is resistant to all major pests, green fruit are attractive dark, green and contain 12-14 % protein. Its fruits are dark green colored. It yields 0.8-1.0 q/ha during 1st year, 1.0-1.5 q/ha in 2nd year and 1.5–2.0 t/ha in third year after planting.
- 15. Arka Neelachal Sree Developed through clonal selection at CHES, Bhubaneswar. High yield (4–5 kg/ plant) and high market preference. Its vines are thin and spreading which grows well on 3- line wire-trellis system Moderately resistant to anthracnose and downy mildew in fields, and moderately susceptible to angular leaf blight and pumpkin caterpillar
- 16. Manures and fertilizers Recommendations based on experimental basis of nutrient requirements of spine gourd are not available. In general, 200-250 quintals per hectare FYM are mixed in soil at the time of field preparation. During the March April, 20-30 g urea per plant is applied and the same amount is repeated at the time of fruit formation. Tripathy et al. (1993) recommended 30 kg per hectare each of N, P and K for higher yield and fruit size. K rates had no effect on fruit ascorbic acid content but this was highest when P was applied @ 40 kg P205 per hectare.
- 17. Intercultural operations Justafter planting, a light irrigation is required for proper establishment of cuttings. During summer months, frequent watering is desired. In rainy season, care should be taken for proper drainage as plant is quite sensitive to waterlogged conditions. During early stage of vine growth, 2-3 hand weeding may be followed to reduce the infesting weed population. Crop of spine gourds does well on bushes or hedges. For staking of the vines, bower may be made at height of 4-5 feet above the ground. Training must be started just after 30 cm of vine length from the ground level.
- 18. Anthesis In spinegourd both staminate and pistillate flowers borne solitary and have light yellow color. Pistillate and staminate buds took 9 and 11 days, respectively to reach anthesis. Anthesis in both types of flowers commenced at 19.00 h and completed by 20.00 h with a peak at 19.40 h. Dehiscence began at 18.00 and continued up to 19.00 h with a peak at 18.40 h. Pollen viability was 97.88 per cent initially and then decreased with increasing room temperature and RH. Stigma was receptive from 12 h before and 18 h after anthesis with peak at a time of anthesis (Shikhalia et al., 1990). Islam and Khan (1998) also observed decreased pollen grain viability with increasing duration of storage.
- 19. PGR for sexexpression Foliar spray with 400 ppm AgNO3, at the pre-flowering stage induced 70 -90 per cent hermaphrodite flowers on strictly gynoecious vines, whereas androecious vines were insensitive to AgNO3, treatments. (Rajput et al., 1994). Hossain et al. (1996) also reported that application of 200-800 mg/litre AgNO3, to the female spine gourd was effective in inducing hermaphrodite flowers. Pollen grain viability of the hermaphrodite flowers was as high as that of normal male flowers.
- 20. Parthenocarpy A highparthenocarpic fruit set (70%) was observed in an inter- specific hybrid between M. dioica and M. cochinchinensis when the F1 was pollinated with pollen from M. cochinchinensis. –Bharathi et al. (2012)Induction of parthenocarpy in M. dioica with pollen of related taxa (M. charantia and Lagenaria leucantha) and mixture of the pollens from these two species. - Singh (1978) The parthenocarpic fruit setting was higher with the stimulus of extraneous pollen (66% against 36%), compared to natural pollination Parthenocarpy
- 21. Harvesting In spinegourd fruits take 25-27 days to reach maturity. Marketable fruits are obtained 12 days after fruit set. Green fruits at proper stage of maturity should be harvested. Delay in harvesting causes yellowing of fruits. Colour of the pedicel, pericarp and spine remain green until 12-13 days after flowering and thereafter the colour changes. Mili et al. (2006) suggested that pedicel colour, spine colour, specific gravity, respiration rate, chlorophyll content and dry weight may be considered as the suitable maturity indices of spine gourd. Harvesting is done at frequent interval. A good crop of spine gourd yields 75-100 quintals fruit per hectare
- 23. Genetic resources Beinga minor crop, very less attention have been paid toward its collection, documentation and utilization in improvement programme. Ram et al. (2002) reported that eight collections of spine gourd were evaluated at the IIVR, Varanasi. Maharana et al. (1995a) collected 34 genotypes of spine gourd at Bhubaneswar (Orissa) and generated information on variability and heritability in respect of internodal length, petiole length, leaf area, fruit weight, total number of fruits per plant and yield per plant. Mishra and Sahu (1983) reported that wild form of spine gourd which occurs in Bihar, Maharashtra and Rajasthan is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n=28; the form that grows in Assam is tetraploid with 2n=56. Compared with the diploid, the tetraploid has larger leaves, flowers and fruits and is more vigorous and earlier. The flowers of the tetraploid open in the morning, those of the diploid at night.