Stored grains.ppt
- 1. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 2. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL Loss before storage 2.75 %
- 3. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 4. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 5. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 6. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 7. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 8. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 9. STORAGE LOSSES AT FARM LEVEL
- 10. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFESTATION Weight loss Germination loss Commercial value loss Consumer preference loss Nutritional values loss Contamination Heating Facilitates fungal growth Storability loss.
- 11. Stored grain insects Hard bodied insects (Weevils and beetles) Soft bodied insects (Caterpillars) Internal feeders External feeders 1. Grain weevil 2. Lesser grain borer 3. Pulse beetle 4. Cigarette beetle 5. Groundnut bruchid 1. Red flour beetle 2. Saw toothed beetle 3. Khapra beetle 1. Grain moth 1. Rice moth Internal feeders External feeders
- 12. Stored grain insects Primary feeders Secondary feeders Internal feeders 1. Grain weevil 2. Lesser grain borer 3. Pulse beetle 4. Cigarette beetle 5. Drug store beetle 6. Groundnut/ Tamarind bruchid 7. Grain moth 8. Sweet potato weevil 9. Potato tuber moth 1. Red flour beetle 2. Long headed grain beetle 3. Flat grain beetle 4. Saw toothed beetle 5. Khapra beetle 6. Rice moth 7. Fig moth/Almond moth/Warehouse moth 8. Indian meal moth External feeders
- 13. Sitophilus oryzae; Sitophilus granarius;Sitophilus zeamays Order : Coleoptera Family : Curculionidae (2) Larva. (3) Pupa. (1) Egg. Stages of development
- 15. Lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica Order : Coleoptera Family: Bostrychidae Stages of development (1) Egg (2) Larva (3) Pupa
- 16. A D U L T The adult is 2.5-3.0 mm long with brown to red brilliantly reflecting cylindrical body. Each antenna has 10 segments and a loose, broad three segmented club. The head deflects downwards and is not visible in the dorsal view.
- 17. Callosobruchus chinensis Order : Coleoptera Family : Bruchidae Stages of development (1) Egg (2) Larva (3) Pupa
- 18. A D U L T The adult is oval, brownish-grey, compact and clothed in short hair. Antennae are slightly serrate. There are two projections covered with thick white hair in the centre of the rear edge of the neck shield. The elytra cover all but the last abdominal tergum.
- 21. Cigerette beetle Lasioderma serricorne Order: Coleoptera Family:Anobiidae Stages of development (1) Egg. (2) Larva. (3) Pupa.
- 22. D A M A G E It is a most serious pest of high value commodities. It is not only limited to tobacco and tobacco products but also infests oilseed cake, dried fruits, spices, nuts, cocoa etc. Holes bored through the produce and the pupal cell within it are conspicuous forms of damage.
- 23. Drug store beetle Stegobium paniceum Order: Coleoptera Family:Anobiidae
- 24. Groundnut /Tamarind Bruchid- Caryedon serratus Bruchidae; Coleoptera
- 26. Angoumois grain moth - Sitotroga cerealella Order : Lepidoptera Family: Gelechiidae Stages of development (1) Egg (2) Larva (3) Pupa
- 27. The labial palps are long, slender and sharply pointed. A D U L T It is hay coloured with a wing span of 10-18 mm. The fore-wings are pale brown. Hind-wings have a long fringe of hairs, longer than half of the width of the wing and sharply pointed at the tip.
- 28. A D U L T E M E R G E N C E The newly emerged adult pushes through the window of the seed coat leaving a small but characteristic round hole; part of the window often remains at the edge of the hole.
- 29. DAMAGE In warmer regions, the moths infest the grain on the field; in colder climates they are only found inside. The adults are good fliers and cross infestation thus occurs easily. Infestation in bulk grain is confined to the upper most exposed layers. It is a primary pest of whole cereal grains.
- 30. Sweet potato weevil - Cylas formicarius Curculionidae; Coleoptera
- 32. Potato tuber moth - Phthorimaea operculella Gelechiidae; Lepidoptera
- 35. Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Order:Coleoptera Family:Tenebrionidae Stages of Development (1) Egg. (2) Larva. (3) Pupa. Secondary feeders/ External feeders
- 36. A D U L T The adult is 3-4 mm long, slim, relatively flat, reddish brown to dark-brown. Three terminal segments of antenna form a small club. The elytra bear punctuated lines separated by very fine ribs.
- 38. 2. Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae (Coleoptera: Tenebroinidae)
- 39. 3. Flat grain beetle: Cryptolestes pusillus Coleoptera : Laemophloeidae
- 40. 4. Saw toothed beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Order: Coleoptera Family: Silvanidae Stages of development (1) Egg (2) Larva (3) Pupa
- 42. 5. Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Order : Coleoptera Family:Dermestidae Stages of Development (1) Egg (2) Larva (3) Pupa
- 44. 6. Rice moth Corcyra cephalonia Galleriidae; Lepidoptera
- 45. 7. Fig moth/Almond moth/Warehouse moth Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
- 46. 8. Indian meal moth: Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)
- 47. Common house rat Rattus rattus and Brown rat Rattus norvegicus Major pest in Coconut, residential premises and Storage in the Country
- 48. House mouse, Mus musculus Major pest in residential premises and storage
- 49. Soft furred field rat Rattus meltada Indian mole rat Bandicota bengalensis Rodentia; Murinae
- 54. PREDATORS Cats Owlets Snakes Trained dogs
- 55. TRAPS WONDER TRAPS SNAP TRAPS GLUE TRAPS Bamboo traps etc.
- 57. SMOKING THE BURROWS This is a locally developed technique and in practice in coastal Andhra Pradesh. It is not recommended scientifically for rat control.
- 58. Indigenous method of rodent burrow fumigation
- 59. Burrow fumigator in action Blower Burrow fumigator
- 60. RAT TAILS COLLECTED IN MIZORAM FOR BOUNTY PAYMENT MIZORAM ADOPTED BOUNTY PAYMENT AS ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE MEASURES TO CONTAIN RODENT MENACE AT BAMBOO DROOPING PERIOD
- 61. ACUTE RODENTICIDES Zincphosphide is an acute rodenticide / single dosed poison. To be used only in the fields but not in the houses.
- 62. USAGE OF ACUTE RODENTICIDES In the fields only. To be used after pre- baiting. Mix @2% zincphosphide with bait material. Follow torpedo baiting technique.
- 63. ANTICOAGULENTS Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant. Coumatetralyl, Warfarin, Rodafarin is a first generation anticoagulant and it also can be used as a tracking powder.
- 64. USAGE OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDE Best to use in the residential premises and fields. Mix @ 2% concentration with bait material. Prebaiting is not necessary
- 65. PULSED BAITING Pulsed baiting technique is to be adopted with second generation anticoagulants. Give a pulse at an interval of one week. This will help us to get optimum results for the control of the rodents.
- 66. FUMIGANTS Aluminium phosphide pellets are the best fumigants. To be used under the supervision of a trained person only. Out side the premises only to be used on dry days.
- 67. Respiratory poisons Fumigants Only one fumigant is approved for usage to treat rodent burrows in the fields Aluminium phosphide pellets, each of 0.6 g 2 pellets are recommended for bandicoot burrows 1 pellet is recommended for field mice
- 68. Burrow fumigation Fumigating a rat burrow with Aluminum Phosphide pellets. The dosage should be 1.2 gms. Per burrow. Should be done under the supervision of a trained personnel.