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Stratification: Chapter7
Stratification refers to systematic inequalities between groups that arise from social processes and relationships. Social stratification creates a hierarchy in society where groups have unequal access to resources, power, and social worth. It can take many forms like class, race, and gender, which overlap and influence life chances. There are functional and conflict theories for stratification - functionalism sees it as motivating productivity while conflict theory sees it as exploitation. Inequality in the U.S. is growing, with the wealthiest 1% controlling most wealth and CEO salaries far exceeding average incomes. Poverty disproportionately affects minorities and reasons for homelessness include unemployment, lack of affordable housing and support.
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Stratification: Chapter7
- 1.
- 2. What Is Stratification? Stratification refers to systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships. 2
- 3. Social Stratification A relatively fixed, hierarchical arrangement in society by which groups have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth.
- 4. Social Statification In a sports organization: ◦ Owners control the resources of the teams. ◦ Players earn high salaries, yet do not control the team resources. ◦ Sponsors provide the resources. ◦ Fans provide revenue.
- 5. Diverse Sources ofStratification Race, class, and gender are overlapping systems of stratification. Class position is manifested differently, depending on race and gender. Example: A Black middle-class man who is stopped by police when driving through a White middle-class neighborhood may feel his racial status is his most outstanding characteristic, but his race, class, and gender always influence his life chances.
- 6. Forms of Stratification class The estate The caste The system is an system is a system is a economically based system of politically based system of stratification stratification with system of stratification based on hereditary somewhat loose characterized by notions of religious social mobility based limited social and theological on roles in the mobility. purity and generally production process offers no prospects for rather than individual social mobility. characteristics. 6
- 7. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Inequality Motivates people to fill Functionalism positions that are needed for the survival of the whole. Results when those with the Conflict Theory most resources exploit others.
- 8. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Class Structure Differentiation is essential Functionalism for a cohesive society. Different groups struggle over resources and Conflict Theory compete for social advantage.
- 9. Functional and ConflictTheories of Stratification Life chances Those who work hardest Functionalism and succeed have greater life chances. The most vital jobs in Conflict Theory society are usually the least rewarded.
- 10. Social Stratification Why Is There Inequality? The Class Structure of the United States Diverse Sources of Stratification Poverty
- 11. How Is AmericaStratified Today? The income gap between high-income and low- income individuals has increased dramatically over the last 30 years. One out of two people are living in or heading to poverty in the United States 11
- 12. Inequality in theUnited States Nearly 1 in 6 children in the U.S. live poverty: ◦ 30% of African American children ◦ 29% of Hispanic children ◦ 12% of Asian American children ◦ 9.4% of White non-Hispanic children
- 13. Inequality in theUnited States 15% of the U.S. population has no health insurance. The average cost of a day’s stay in the hospital is $1, 217—two weeks’ pay for the average worker
- 14. Inequality in theUnited States 1% of the U.S. population controls 38% of the total wealth in the nation. The bottom 20% owe more than they own. CEOs of major companies earn an average of $13.1 million dollars per year. Workers earning the minimum wage make $10,712 per year, if they work 40 hours a week for 52 weeks per year and hold only one job.
- 15. Social Class inthe U.S. Upper class Upper-middle class Middle class Lower-middle class Lower class People Like Us http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8VXrH eLqBA&feature=player_embedded#! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tf2dScTl vOQ `
- 16. The Laddered Modelof Stratification
- 17. The Double DiamondModel of Stratification
- 18. Median Income byRace and Household Status
- 19. Wealth and Income Wealth is the monetary value of everything one owns, minus debt. ◦ It is calculated by adding all financial assets and subtracting all debts. Income is the amount of money brought into a household from various sources during a given period.
- 20. Distribution of Wealthand Income The wealthiest 1% own 38% of all net worth; the bottom 80% control only 17%. The top 1% also owns almost half of all stock; the bottom 80% own only 4% of total stock holdings.
- 21. The Tax Burden:For Whom?
- 22. Defining Social Mobility Social mobility is a person’s movement over time from one class to another. Social mobility can be up or down, although the American dream emphasizes upward movement. Mobility can also be either intergenerational, occurring between generations; or intragenerational, occurring within a generation.
- 23. You May AskYourself, 2nd Edition Table 7.1 Relative Social Prestige of Selected U.S. Occupations Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
- 24. Social Mobility Mobilityis a collective effort that involves kin and sometimes community. Upward Mobility ◦ People who are upwardly mobile are often expected to distance themselves from their origins. Downward Mobility ◦ As income distribution is becoming more skewed toward the top, many in the middle class are experiencing mobility downward.
- 25. Who are thePoor? In 2002, there were 34.6 million poor people in the U.S. The poor: ◦ 31% of Native Americans ◦ 24% of African Americans ◦ 22% of Hispanics ◦ 10% of Asians and Pacific Islanders ◦ 10% of Whites U.S. Poverty Rate Climbed To 15.1 Percent in 2011, Total Number Hit All-Time Record Total Population - 312,000,000 – 47,000,00 in poverty
- 26. How do wecompare to the world. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpKbO6O3O3M
- 27. The lines atthe local food bank.
- 28. Who are theHomeless? A 2001 survey of 27 cities found that the homeless population is: ◦ 50% African American ◦ 35% White ◦ 12% Hispanic ◦ 2% Native American ◦ 1% Asian
- 29. Who are theHomeless? Battered women Elderly Disabled Mentally Ill (20-25%) Veterans AIDS victims
- 30. What do youthink are the Reasons for Homelessness? Unemployment and/or eviction Reductions in federal support for affordable housing Eroding work opportunities Inadequate housing for low-income people
- 31. What do youthink are the Reasons for Homelessness Reductions in public assistance Inadequate health care Domestic violence Addiction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E- naXAOUslM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICx 3AfSlc-w&feature=related
- 32. Explanations of Poverty Culture of poverty - poverty is a way of life that is transferred from generation to generation. Structural causes of poverty - poverty is caused by economic and social transformations taking place in the U.S.
- 33. Arguments Against “The Cultureof Poverty” Fewer than 5% of the poor are chronically poor. 41% of the able-bodied poor work. The pattern of “welfare cycling” is promoted by wages too low to support a family.