STRESS 1.ppt
Download as PPT, PDF0 likes308 views
The document outlines the Stress Adaptation Model, which describes how the body responds and adapts to stress. It discusses three stages of the stress response - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. In the alarm stage, the body prepares for "fight or flight" through increased heart rate and adrenaline. During resistance, the body tries to adapt to prolonged stress which can weaken the immune system over time. In exhaustion, stress hormones are continually released to restore balance, but suppress the immune system. The model shows how stress can lead to illness if the stress response becomes chronic.
STRESS 1.ppt
- 2. Introduction Stress is everywhere. stress is impossible to avoid. It can be acute, such as the stress that occurs in the face of immediate danger, or it can be chronic when a person is dealing with a long -term stressful situation.
- 3. Coping and Stress Stress—normal, automatic non-specific, local or general reaction to any external change or threat” Produces changes in the structure and chemical composition of the body. Definition: Any situation in which a nonspecific demand requires an individual to respond or take action. • It involves physiological and psychological responses. • Stress can be positive or negative. • Sympathetic nervous system takes over: flight, fright, or fight.
- 4. Coping and Stress.. People react in different ways to stressors: 1. people always try to adapt to stress 2. attempts at adaptation lead to new stressors 3. stresses can be so severe or so prolonged they can overwhelm adaptive capabilities of most well-adjusted individuals. • Stress over a long period of time can cause changes in the body. • Can cause illnesses.
- 5. Coping and Stress… • Stressors—the stimuli preceding or precipitating a change. • Examples: physiological, psychological, social, environmental, developmental, spiritual, cultural • Internal stressors—originate inside a person. Example: fever or guilt • External stressors—originate outside a person. Example: environmental temperatures, change in family role, peer pressure • Physiological adaptation—the body’s ability to maintain a state of relative balance- homeostasis.
- 6. Levels of Stress • Mild stress— that everyone encounters regularly. Situation usually lasts a few minutes to a few hours. • Not significant by themselves, but multiple mild stressors over a short time can increase risk of illness. • Moderate stress—lasts longer, from several hours to several days. • Severe stress—chronic situations that may last several weeks to several years. • The more intense and longer the stress situation, the higher the health risk.
- 7. Levels of Stress.. • The response to any stressor depends on our internal makeup-- physiological functioning, personality, and behavioral characteristics, as well as the nature of the stressor. • The nature of the stressor involves: intensity, scope, duration, number and nature of stressors.
- 8. Three Stages of Stress An endocrinologist named Dr. Hans Selye outlined a three stage model of the body's response to stress. He called his model the General Adaptation Syndrome. Understanding these three stages will give you a better idea as to the symptoms that occur with stress and how to manage them.
- 9. General Adaptation Syndrome: 1. Alarm 2. Resistance or Adaptation 3. Exhaustion
- 10. Alarm Stage This is the "fight or flight" reaction to a particular stress. It may occur as a response to imminent danger, or it may be the first stressful reaction feel upon hearing stressful news, such as the loss of a loved one. In this stage, body physical reacts to the stress by releasing adrenaline to increase your heat and breathing rate and help you move quicker in a dangerous situation.
- 11. Alarm Stage….. A hormone called corticotropin is also released by the anterior pituitary gland to help the body prepare for danger. Other physical responses to stress include butterflies in stomach, a rise in blood pressure, dilation in the eyes, dry mouth, tensing of muscles, and difficulty concentrating.
- 12. Resistance or Adaptation Stage During this stage, body is still on alert for imminent danger. If this stage of stress becomes prolonged, such as when dealing with a long-term stressful situation, body will become taxed by the physical responses. Over time, your immune system may become compromised, leaving you more susceptible to illness. It only takes a few days in the resistance and adaptation stage for the immune system to become weakened.
- 14. Exhaustion Stage • The final stage in the GAS is the exhaustion stage where body readjusts to normal. • Additional hormones, called cortisols, are released to help relieve the damaging effects of stress. • They are continually released until body's chemistry comes back into balance. • These hormones ultimately suppress the immune system and have the potential to worsen biological and psychological diseases and disorders.
- 15. MODELS OF ADAPTATION: • Stimulus Based Model of stress: (Homes & Rahe) cause & effect response, stress if viewed as stimulus& results in strain. • Focuses on disturbing or disruptive characteristics within the environment. 1. Life change events are normal, they require the same type and duration of adjustment 2. People are passive recipients of stress, and their perceptions of the event are irrelevant • All people have common threshold of stimulus and illness results at any point after the threshold
- 16. MODELS OF ADAPTATION • Response-based Model (Selye)- a model that defines stress as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it. • Nature of stressor, No. of stressors at one time, duration of exposure, experience with a comparable stressor. • Stress is demonstrated by a nonspecific physiological reaction, the (GAS) general adaptation syndrome.
- 17. MODELS OF ADAPTATION Two physiological responses: 1. GAS (generalized adaptation response 2. LAS (localized adaptation syndrome)
- 18. Generalized Adaptation Response (GAS) Three phases 1. Alarm reaction/shock phase reaction— body recognizes stressors and produces “fight or flight” reaction—release of epinephrine. 2. State of resistance or countershock— body adapts to stressor 3. Stage of exhaustion—alarm reaction symptoms reappear
- 20. Localized Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) • Response is localized • Response is adaptive—stressor must stimulate • Short term • Response is restorative—restores homeostasis
- 21. Localized Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) Two localized responses: • Reflex pain response—response of the nervous system to pain (localized) • Inflammatory response—stimulated by trauma or infection. Localizes= the inflammation, prevents spread and promotes healing. Produces pain, redness, swelling and changes in functioning. • Increases blood flow to area
- 22. Transaction Based Model (Lazarus) • views the person and environment in a synamic, reciprocal interactive relationship. • Views the stressor as an individual perceptual response rooted in psychological and cognitive processes. • Function of coping is problem solving and controlling emotional reaction.
- 23. Transaction Based Model (Lazarus)… • This is problem solving, critical thinking. • primary appraisal—evaluate significance of transaction—Am I in danger. • If event is viewed as stressful, a secondary appraisal is initiated. • Must realize there is stress in life. • secondary appraisal—coping decision ”What am I going to do?”
- 24. Constructive vs. Destructive Anxiety: • Mild to moderate: can be effective, helps to focus attention, generates energy, motivates, contributes to growth. • Severe anxiety and panic narrow attention; decreases alertness and learning and can cause total personality disintegration. Signs and symptoms: N/v, H/A, insomnia, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness
- 25. BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS OF STRESS • Decreased productivity & quality of job performance • Tendency to make mistakes • Forgetfulness and blocking • Diminished attention to detail • Preoccupation—daydreaming or “spacing out” • Reduced creativity • Increased absenteeism and illness • Lethargy—tired, draggy • Loss of interest • Accident proneness
- 26. PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF STRESS • Dilated pupils • Diaphoretic (sweating) • Tachycardia (fast heart rate) greater than 100 • Pale skin (vasoconstriction) less blood flow to skin • Increased blood pressure-blood vessels constrict (pressure goes up—has to pump harder) • Increased respiratory rate & depth-heavy, deep breath • Decreased urine (blood doesn’t get to kidneys)-mild stress can increase urinary output • Dry mouth
- 27. EMOTIONAL RESPONSE TO STRESS • Anger—expectations not met—strong displeasure—a mechanism of tension relief • Depressed—anger turned inward—involves real or imagined loss of a particular function • Guilt—worry—failure to meet moral/ethical standards, internalized by the individual • Fear—emotional response characterized by expectation of harm • Anxiety—feeling of dread, apprehension or unexplained discomfort.
- 28. Diseases and Stress • Scientists have found a direct link between stress and the development of many physical illnesses and diseases. • Emotional stress can weaken the immune and in the same regard, the reduction of stress can help to strengthen the immune system.
- 29. Causes of stress: • Organizational factors • Interpersonal factors (between people) • Individual factors (intra-personal) • Results of stress: • Anxiety, phobias, persistent state of fear • Abrupt changes in mood and behavior • Depression • Perfectionist • Physical illness • Burnout • Increased absenteeism, turnover • Decrease in job performance
- 30. STRESS MANAGEMENT • Take care of yourself • Lessen your load if you can—redefine what you do—prioritize, makes lists • Learn to relax—find something that makes you relax, and DO IT! • Teach your patients to relax • Find social support—support groups, religion, etc. • Build a team—work together, become cohesive
- 31. STRESS MANAGEMENT: • Exercise—known to be the best way to reduce tension • Humor—necessary to survive • Nutrition and diet—need protein for healing of bones, muscles and tissues • Rest—be sure to get enough. • Adults need 6-8 hours of sleep. Older adults sleep in 4 hour blocks, take frequent naps.
- 32. COPING STRATEGIES: 1. Information seeking—gather information to make a decision 2. Direct action—action is taken 3. Inhibition of action—hold back impulses that may do harm or conflict with moral, social or physical constraints. Can restrain chemically or physically. 4. Intrapsychic modes:—cognitive processes designed to regulate emotions. Yoga, meditation Team building important for both nurses and patients: cardiac rehab
- 33. COPING STRATEGIES… • Defense Mechanisms: operations outside a person’s awareness that the ego calls into play to protect against anxiety— adjustments to the environment • Mature coping strategies—be sure to know these: • Suppression—have unacceptable feelings and thought, so try to hide that it bothers you—hold them in
- 34. COPING STRATEGIES.. • Sublimation—transpose one behavior for another—if very very angry, come out smiling, over happy—drugs, alcohol, eating. See this if kids are mad—throw toy across the room when they are mad about something else. • Repression—hide feelings, keep out of thought processes, may be unconscious.
- 35. COPING STRATEGIES.. Neurotic coping mechanisms: • Dissociation—pull away from something that you feel is threatening. • Reaction formation—behave the opposite of what you are feeling
- 36. COPING STRATEGIES.. • Immature coping mechanisms: • Passive-aggressive—want to be assertive, not passive-aggressive; • Hypochondria—always think they are sick • Displacement—discharging of pent up feelings on persons less dangerous than those who initially arouse the emotion. Take it out on nurse.
- 37. Levels of Intervention: Primary—prevent stressors from disrupting state of wellness—take care of yourself • Decrease possibility of encountering stressor • Decrease strength of stressor • Strengthen state of wellness Secondary—preventative early detection of stress reactions and treatment of symptoms • Prevent exhaustion. Learn how to cope. Tertiary preventive –initiate after treatment • Focus on re-adaption to stress • Maintain stability
- 38. Interventions focus on; • Decreasing number of stressors • Decreasing intensity • Decreasing the scope • Decreasing the duration of stressors • Providing emotional and physical support