Studies on the mechanical and sorption properties of anacardium

Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.7, 2013
75
Studies on the Mechanical and Sorption Properties of Anacardium
Occidentale L. Exudate and Polypropylene Blends
Alisi, Ikechukwu Ogadimma1
*, Gimba, C. E.2
, Kolawole, E. G.3
, Ndukwe, G. I.2
1. Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutsinma.
2. Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
3. Department of Textile Science and Technology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
* ialisi@fudutsinma.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This research work employed the use of purified cashew gum (PCG) as a blender for polypropylene (PP). The
blended samples were subjected to tensile, hardness, impact and sorption tests. There was a general decrease in
tensile strength and percentage elongation with increasing PCG composition. An improvement in Young's
Modulus was recorded at PCG concentration of 10%. Also, the hardness properties of the samples increased to a
maximum value of 61 HRF corresponding to PCG concentration of 40%. A general decrease in impact strength
with increasing PCG concentration was observed. Sorption test results indicate that blended samples with PCG
compositions in the range of 50% and above gave very high values of degree of swelling (DS). Thus blended
samples in this composition range are more prone to hydrolytic degradation as a result of swelling behaviour in
aqueous media. The blending of PP with PCG has resulted in lowering the production cost of the blended
samples. It also induced biodegradation in these plastics thus serving as a means of controlling environmental
pollution.
Keywords: Purified Cashew Gum, Polypropylene, Blended samples
1. Introduction
Polymers are increasingly used in many applications in view of their good strength and low densities. Blending
of polymers for property improvement or for economic advantage has gained considerable importance in the
field of polymer science in the last decade (George et al., 1986). Polymer blending provides a powerful route to
engineering new properties in materials using available polymers. From Polymer blending it is possible to
produce a range of materials with properties that are superior to that of each individual component polymers
(Rhoo et al., 1997; Oh and Kim, 1999; Pielichowski, 1999; Stephen et al., 2000; Tang and Liau, 2000;
Pielichowski and Hamerton, 2000).
In recent time, research is focusing increasingly on the development of polymers that combine the desired
functionality during use and rapid degradation after disposal as a viable alternative to conventional
nondegradable polymers, mostly for applications in which long degradation times are undesirable.
Biodegradable polymers fit this context perfectly, since they degrade rapidly and contain nontoxic end products
which have low permanence in the environment and are completely metabolized by soil microorganisms (Scott
and Gillead, 1995).
The biopolymer of choice in this work is Anacardium occidentale exudate, popularly called Cashew tree gum.
Cashew gum (CG) is an exudate polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale trees. The plant is native to Brazil
and grows in many tropical and sub‐tropical countries. Major cashew growing areas in Nigeria are most states in
the South-East and South-West (Ezeagu, 2002).
The gum has been studied widely for various pharmaceutical applications as it is inexpensive, non‐toxic,
biodegradable, and possesses appropriate physicochemical characteristics (Gyedu‐Akoto et al. 2008 and Kumar
et al., 2009).
In this present work, Cashew tree gum which would be subjected to chemical purification will be used as a
blender on polypropylene, PP of laboratory grade as the base matrix for blending. These blends would be
prepared through melt mixing technique using the two-roll mill maintained at appropriate processing conditions.
This would be followed by compression molding of the blended samples using a mould engraved with standard
sample dimensions. The mechanical properties as well as the chemical resistance of the polymer blends
produced would be investigated.
2. Materials and Equipment
A list of all the materials and equipment used in this research work are listed in tables 1and 2 respectively.
3. Procedure for Blend Formulation
Each PP and PCG powder was thoroughly mixed together in the two-roll mill to give blends of various
compositions. 30g of plastic/gum blend composition was formulated. The various compositions of the blend
samples of PP/PCG were obtained as shown in table 3.

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The results of 100: 0 for PP/PCG homopolymers was used as control. The blending technique employed is melt
blending. A laboratory-scale two-roll mill was employed for blend preparations. The samples were blended with
the front roll maintained at a temperature of 190 o
C while the rear roll was at temperature of 160 o
C.
The polypropylene homopolymers were initially placed on the front roll for 3 min to facilitate processing. Then
the roll mill was started and the PCG powder added intermittently a little at a time. The milling was continued
for 5 minutes. Occasionally, the molten blend was scraped out from the roll, wrapped several times and milled
back to the roll. After 5 min of milling, the molten blend was scraped out and cut into specimens of
approximately 2 cm × 2 cm in size. These pieces were then put into a grinding mill, and small pellet-sized
samples were obtained. The blended sample pellets were subjected to compression moulding at standard
processing conditions.
The blended samples were characterized by various analytical methods such as: absorption tests, tensile tests,
impact tests and hardness tests.
3.1 Compression Moulding
The polymer blends were introduced into an aluminum mould sprayed with a mould release agent and wrapped
with aluminum foil (for easy removal of the specimen after molding). This mold was designed to accommodate
samples with dimensions according to ASTM standard.
The compression molding was carried out on a Carver Laboratory Press equipped with temperature controllers.
The temperature was set at 190o
C at a pressure of 8.5 Tons for a determined period of 8 minutes. The molded
samples were then separated from the mold and labeled appropriately.
4. Blend Charaterization
4.1 Determination of the Density of Blended Samples
The dimensions (length, width and thickness) of the blended polymer samples were accurately measured with
the aid of venier calipers while their masses were measured using an electronic weighing balance. The above
measurements were carried out in order to obtain the density of each blend composition. It is also aimed at
determining the effect of PCG on the density of PP. The densities of the blended samples were then compared
with that of the control sample.
4.2 Absorption Test
Water absorption tests for the blend samples were investigated according to ASTM D0570 standard. The
polymer blends were suspended in 200 ml of distilled water at room temperature in desiccators for a total period
of 7 days with readings taken after every 24 hours. After the required amount of time the samples were removed
and gently dried using a filter paper to remove water adhering to its surface. The degree of swelling (DS) was
calculated using the following equation:
DS =
–
X 100 (1)
Similarly, the weight loss (WL) was calculated using the equation:
WL =
–
X 100 (2)
Where, m
1
is the initial mass of sample blend while m
2
is the final weight of the sample.
4.3 Mechanical tests
4.3.1 Tensile Test
The determinations of the tensile strength of the blended samples were carried out according to ASTM D3039
standard. Sample dimensions of: 100 mm × 10 mm × 4 mm length, breadth and thickness were used. The
experiments were conducted on a universal loading machine type Hounsfield Tensometer of maximum capacity
20.00 KN at room temperature. A guage length of 30 mm was used. Tensile analysis of the samples was
accomplished using a tensile load of 2.00 KN at moderate strain rate until the point of failure. From the tensile
analysis, force and elongation values were recorded. Young´s modulus, ultimate tensile strength and percentage
elongation were calculated from the resultant stress-strain curves.
4.3.2 Hardness Test
Hardness values of the blended samples were determined according to the standard ASTM D2240-89 using
Indentec Hardness Testing Machine. Rockwell test (F-Scale) with 1/16 inch (steel ball) indentor was used. The
minor load used was 10 kg while the major load used was 60 kg with an exposure time of 10 seconds. The
hardness test on each of the blended samples was conducted at three different points distributed over the test
piece to obtain mean values.
4.3.3 Charpy Impact Test
Charpy impact test analysis for the samples was conducted according to ASTM 370 standard using a Charpy
Impact Testing Machine of hammer capacity 15 J and 25 J respectively. In this analysis the 15 J capacity

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
77
hammer was employed to determine the fracture energy of each sample. The impact strength of each sample was
calculated using the expression:
Impact Strength = (3)
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Density Analysis of Sample Blends
Sample densities of PP/PCG blends are graphically illustrated in fig. 1.
From figure 1, it is observed that there is a gradual increase in the density of the sample blends with increase in
PCG composition. Thus the blend sample with composition 20%PP/80%PCG has the highest density value of
0.998 g/cm3
while the control sample with composition 100%PP/0%PCG has the lowest density value of 0.830
g/cm3
. This result implies that the blending of PP with PCG results in a slight increase in the density of the
blended sample. This increase is observed to be more pronounced at higher concentrations of PCG compared to
lower concentrations.
5.2 Water sorption Test on Blended Samples
The results of water sorption tests conducted on PP/PCG blend samples are given in figures 2.
During water sorption analysis, the tested samples were observed to be less dense than water. The
percentage values given in the above figures are all DS (degree of swelling) values. The PP control sample was
resistant to water as evident from the zero DS percentage value. The hydrophobic nature of this sample at
ambient conditions makes it impermeable to water. From figure 2 the degree of swelling (DS) gradually
increases from a value of 0.00 % for the control sample to a maximum value of 32.63 % for sample 302
(20%PP/80%PCG) which has the highest composition of PCG. The increase in DS values with increase in the
percentage of PCG is due to the high affinity of PCG for water. Hence PP blended with PCG will be more
susceptible to hydrolytic degradation.
5.3 Mechanical tests
5.3.1 Tensile Test
The results of tensile tests conducted on PP/PCG blends and the control sample are shown in figures 3, 4 and 5
below. All the samples used for analysis are of the same dimension with:
Area (Ao): 10 mm × 4 mm = 40 mm2
= 4.00 × 10"#
m2
Gauge Length (Lo): 30 mm.
The results of the tensile test analysis of the blended samples are summarized in figure 6.
From figures 3 to 5 and figure 6, it is observed that the tensile strength and percentage elongation of the
samples generally decrease in a regular manner with increase in the composition of PCG in the samples. The
general decrease in tensile properties with increase in PCG concentration can be attributed to lower
intermolecular interactions between PCG and PP. For Young’s modulus, the sample with composition
90%PP/10%PCG has a very high value compared to the other samples. This result indicates that the
incorporation of a small amount of about 10% of PCG into PP increases its modulus. It also indicates that further
increase in PCG composition above 10% results to a decrease in Young’s modulus of the PP sample blends. The
percentage elongation is also observed to decrease with increase in PCG concentration. This decrease can be
attributed to the low toughness of PCG at ambient conditions as a result of high brittleness.
5.3.2 Hardness Test Analysis of Blended Samples
The results of hardness tests conducted on PP/PCG sample blends are shown in figure 7. These results were
obtained using the Hardness Rockwell F – scale (HRF). From Figure 7 it can be seen that the hardness values
gradually increase with increase in composition as shown in 100%PP/0%PCG whose value is 48.000, to a
maximum value of 61.00 for sample with composition 60%PP/40%PCG after which it drastically decreases to a
minimum value of 1.70 indicated by the sample with composition 20%PP/80%PCG. Thus, the blending of PP
with PCG at concentrations of 10% to 40 % result to improvements in the hardness properties of PP. Very high
concentrations of PCG in PP/PCG blends reduce the hardness of PP.
5.3.3 Charpy Impact Test Analysis of Blended Samples
The impact test results for PP/PCG blended samples are given in figure 8. The results of impact test analysis on
PP/PCG blended samples indicate a linear decrease in impact strength with increase in the PCG composition
with the control sample having the highest impact strength value of 23863.63 Jm-2
while the sample with the
highest PCG concentration has the lowest value of 4318.18 Jm-2
. The low impact strength values of samples with
high proportions of PCG can be attributed to the phenomenon of plasticization as the PCG softens the polymer at
high concentration values. This gives rise to low toughness of the resulting polymer blend.
6. Conclusion
From this research wok centered on cashew gum and the corresponding blends with polypropylene, the
following conclusions can be drawn:

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78
Blending of PP with PCG slightly increases the density of the corresponding blended sample. This
gradual increase in density values is an indication that the much appreciated lightness of plastics is preserved
when blended with PCG.
The sorption properties of PP/PCG blended samples indicated a gradual increase in DS values with
increase in the percentage of PCG in the blended samples. This increase has been attributed to the high affinity
of PCG which is a component of the resulting polymer blend to water. Thus the resulting polymer blend is more
susceptible to hydrolytic degradation compared to the unblended sample. This implies that hydrolytic
degradation can be induced in PP by blending with PCG.
The tensile test results indicate that Young’s modulus, tensile strength and percentage elongation
generally decreased with increasing concentrations of PCG in the blended samples. An improvement in Young’s
modulus was observed at 90%PP/10%PCG. These results generally indicate very weak intermolecular bonding
forces between PCG and polypropylene molecules. The low percentage elongation of the resulting polymer
blends is attributed to the fact that PCG is highly glassy at ambient conditions in the absence of moisture
compared to the pure polypropylene resin. The only exception was an improvement in Young’s modulus at
90%PP/10%PCG. Thus the incorporation of PCG into PP at a concentration of 10% improves the modulus of the
resulting blend.
There was an improvement in the hardness of PP with an increase in the concentration of PCG. The
value increased to a maximum value of 61 HRF corresponding to the sample with concentration
60%PP/40%PCG, after which the value decreases with increase in PCG concentration. This general increase in
hardness with increase in PCG concentration has been attributed to the good hardness properties of pure CG,
although this occurs in the limit of appreciable compatibility between PP and PCG.
From impact test results, there was pronounced decrease in the impact strength of PP with the
incorporation of PCG. This lowering effect has been linked to the phenomenon of plasticization
From this research work, PP has successfully been blended with PCG. The blended polymer samples
were observed to undergo biodegradation in the presence of moisture more readily than the pure polymer
samples. This is a possible means of controlling environmental pollution as the blended polymer samples easily
degrade when discarded into the environment after use. This blending with PCG which is a non toxic substance
implies the use of the blended samples in materials that have direct contact with food. It has also resulted in
lowering the production cost of the polymer blends due to the abundant distribution of cashew in tropical and
sub-tropical countries.
REFERENCES
Ezeagu, W. ( 2002). Assessment of the situation and development prospects for cashew nut sector. A report.
Nigerian Export Promotion Council, Abuja, Nigeria. Available online at www.unctad.org.
George, K. E. Rani, J. And Francis, D. J.( 1986). Studies on NBR/PVC Blends. Journal of Applied Polymer
Science , 32: 2867-2873.
Gyedu- Akoto, E., Oduro, I., Amoah, F. M., Oldham, J. H., Ellis, W. O., Opoku-Ameyaw, K. F. and Rasheed,
B. H. (2008). Physico-Chemical Properties of Cashew Tree Gum. African Journal of Food Science, 2:
pp. 060-064.
Kumar, R., Patil, M. B., Patil, S. R. and Paschapur, M. S. (2009). Evaluation of Anacardium occidentale gum as
gelling agent in aceclofenac gel. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 1 (3): 695 – 704.
Ohno, N. and Kumanotani, J. (1979). Synthesis and Physical Properties of Blends of Donor Polymers from 2-(p-
Dimethylaminobenzyl)-1,3- propanediol and Acceptor Polymers from 2-(3,5-Dinitrobenzyl)-1,3-
propanediol: A New Phase Composed of Donor and Acceptor Polymers. Polym J., 11(12) : 947-954.
Pielichowski, K. (1999). Thermal energy storage systems based on poly(vinyl chloride) blends. Eur. Polym. J.,
35(1): 27-34.
Pielichowski, K. and Hamerton, I. (2000). Compatible poly(vinyl chloride)/chlorinated polyurethane blends:
thermal characteristics. Eur Polym J. 36(1): 171-181.
Rhoo, H. J., Kim, H. T., Park, J. K. and Hwang, T. S. (1997). Ionic conduction in plasticized PVC/PMMA blend
polymer electrolytes. Electrochin. Acta 42(10): 1571-1579.
Scott, G. and Gillead, D. (1995). Degradable Polymers. Chapman & Hall, London.
Stephen, A. M., Kumar, T. P., Renganathan, N. G., Pitchumani. S., Thirunakaran, R., Muniyandi, N. (2000).
Ionic conductivity and FT-IR studies on plasticized PVC/PMMA blend polymer electrolytes. J. Power
Sources, 89(1): 80-87.
Tang, M. and Liau, W. R. (2000). Solvent effect on the miscibility of poly(4- hydroxystyrene)–poly(ethylene
oxide) blends. Eur. Polym. J. 36(12): 2597-2603.

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Table 1. List of materials and their corresponding grades and source
Material Grade Source
Poly(vinylchloride), PVC
(powder)
K Value: 65
Density: 1.37 g/cm3
BDH
Polystyrene, PS (pellet) Mw: 280 000 g/mol PDI:
2.2
BP Chemicals
Polypropylene, PP (pellet) Mw: 360,000 g.mol–1
density:
0.90 g/cm3
MFI: 16 g/10
minutes
TS 6100 (Quattor Petroquímica)
Anacardium occidentale gum Natural exudates Plantation garden in Ahmadu Bello
University Zaria
Ethanol Analytical Aldrich
Benzene Analytical Aldrich
Chloroform Analytical Aldrich
Carbon Tetrachloride Analytical Aldrich
Cyclohexane Analytical Aldrich
Cyclohexanone Analytical Aldrich
Petroleum Ether Analytical Aldrich
Tetrahydrofuran Analytical Aldrich
Toluene Analytical Aldrich
1, 4-Dioxane Analytical Aldrich
Table 2. List of equipment used and their corresponding models.
Equipment Model
General Laboratory Centrifuge SORVIAL75066180
pH meter Jenway 3505
Infrared spectrophotometer Shimadzu FTIR-8400S
Two-roll mill 5183
Tensometer Hounsfield
Carver Hand press 3851-0
Charpy Impact Tester Cat. Nr.412
Indentec Universal Hardness Testing Machine 8187. 5L Kv model B

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80
Table 3. PP/PCG blends composition.
Polymer : Gum (Weight % Ratio) Polymer : Gum (Mass Ratio)
10 : 0 30.00 : 0.00
90 : 10 27.00 : 3.00
80 : 20 24.00 : 6.00
70 : 30 21.00 : 9.00
60 : 40 18.00 : 12.00
50 : 50 15.00 : 15.00
40 : 60 12.00 : 18.00
30 : 70 9.00 : 21.00
20 : 80 6.00 : 24.00
10 : 90 3.00 : 27.00
Fig. 1. Graphical representation of PP/PCG sample blend densities against their corresponding compositions.
0.83 0.834 0.84 0.856 0.865 0.869 0.873
0.986 0.998
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Density(g/cm3)
Sample Composition

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81
Fig. 2. DS values for various compositions of PP/PCG blends
Fig. 3. Stress-strain curve of 20%PP/80%PCG, 30%PP/70%PCG and 40%PP/60%PCG.
0
3.947
5.66
6.9
11.57
19.74
25.4
29.48
32.63
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
DegreeofSwelling(%)
Sample Composition
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Stress(MN/m2)
Strain
20%PP/80%PCG
30%PP/70%PCG
40%PP/60%PCG

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82
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Stress(MN/m2)
Strain
50%PP/50%PCG
60%PP/40%PCG
70%PP/30%PCG
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Stress(MN/m2)
Strain
80%PP/20%PCG
90%PP/10%PCG
100%PP/0%PCG

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83
Fig. 6. Plot of Young’s Modulus, Tensile Strength and Percentage Elongation of PP/PCG Blend Samples.
Fig. 7. Plot of hardness (HRF) against sample composition of PP/PCG blend samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Sample Composition
Young’s Modulus (MN/m2)
Tensile Strength (MN/m2)
Percentage Elongation
48
53.4 53.9 56.1
61
4.8 4.1 3.2 2.5 1.7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hardness(HRF)
Sample Composition

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84
Fig. 8. Plot of impact strength against sample composition for PP/PCG sample blends.
APPENDIX
Appendix I: Density of Blended Samples
Table I.1: Density values of the various PP/PCG sample blends
Sample Code Sample Composition Density (g/cm3
)
310 100%PP/0%PCG 0.830
309 90%PP/10%PCG 0.834
308 80%PP/20%PCG 0.840
307 70%PP/30%PCG 0.856
306 60%PP/40%PCG 0.865
305 50%PP/50%PCG 0.869
304 40%PP/60%PCG 0.873
303 30%PP/70%PCG 0.986
302 20%PP/80%PCG 0.998
23863.63
17727.27
15000
13409.09
11818.18
10000
8181.81
6590.9
5454.54
4318.18
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
ImpactStrength(Joule/m2)
Sample Composition

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Appendix II: Water Sorption Analysis of Blended Samples
Tale II.1: Water sorption analysis result of PP/PCG blends
Sample Code Sample Composition DS or WL (%)
310 100%PP/0%PCG 0.00
309 90%PP/10%PCG 3.947
308 80%PP/20%PCG 5.66
307 70%PP/30%PCG 6.90
306 60%PP/40%PCG 11.57
305 50%PP/50%PCG 19.74
304 40%PP/60%PCG 25.40
303 30%PP/70%PCG 29.48
302 20%PP/80%PCG 32.63
Appendix III:
Stress Strain Relations of PP Blends
Table III.1: Tensile stress – strain relations of 20%PP/80%PCG
Load (KN) Extension (mm) Stress (MN/m2
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.013 0.600 0.325 0.020
0.025 1.200 0.625 0.040
0.038 1.800 0.95 0.060
0.050 2.400 1.25 0.080
0.063 3.000 1.575 0.100
0.075 3.600 1.875 0.120
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.012 0.600 0.300 0.020
0.072 1.200 1.800 0.040
0.096 1.800 2.400 0.060
0.120 2.400 3.000 0.080
0.144 3.00 3.600 0.100
0.170 3.600 4.250 0.120
0.204 4.200 5.100 0.140
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.024 0.600
0.600
0.020
0.060 1.200
1.500
0.040
0.096 1.800
2.400
0.060
0.120 2.400
3.000
0.080
0.168 3.000
4.200
0.100
0.216 3.600
5.400
0.120
0.252 4.200 6.300 0.140
0.300 4.800 7.500 0.160
0.336 5.400 8.400 0.180
0.372 6.000 9.300 0.200
0.408 6.600 10.200 0.220

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) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.060 0.600
1.500
0.020
0.108 1.200
2.700
0.040
0.144 1.800
3.600
0.060
0.172 2.400 4.300 0.080
0.198 3.000
4.950
0.100
0.234 3.600
5.850
0.120
0.264 4.200
6.600
0.140
0.306 4.800
7.650
0.160
0.348 5.400
8.700
0.180
0.386 6.000
9.650
0.200
0.426 6.600
10.650
0.220
0.450 7.200
11.250
0.240
0.468 7.800 11.700 0.260

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
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) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.012 0.600
0.300
0.020
0.108 1.200
2.700
0.040
0.180 1.800
4.500
0.060
0.214 2.400
5.350
0.080
0.240 3.000
6.000
0.100
0.276 3.600
6.900
0.120
0.306 4.200
7.650
0.140
0.348 4.800
8.700
0.160
0.390 5.400
9.750
0.180
0.420 6.000
10.500
0.200
0.468 6.600
11.700
0.220
0.504 7.200
12.600
0.240
0.564 7.800
14.100
0.260
0.626 8.400
15.650
0.280
0.684 9.000 17.100 0.300

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88
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.024 0.600
0.600
0.020
0.060 1.200
1.500
0.040
0.096 1.800
2.400
0.060
0.144 2.400
3.600
0.080
0.168 3.000
4.200
0.100
0.204 3.600
5.100
0.120
0.228 4.200
5.700
0.140
0.276 4.800
6.900
0.160
0.312 5.400 7.800 0.180
0.360 6.000 9.000 0.200
0.396 6.600 9.900 0.220
0.432 7.200 10.800 0.240
0.480 7.800 12.000 0.260
0.540 8.400 13.500 0.280
0.564 9.000 14.100 0.300
0.612 9.600 15.300 0.320
0.648 10.200 16.200 0.340
0.684 10.800 17.100 0.360
0.708 11.400 17.700 0.380
0.720 12.000 18.000 0.400

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) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.006 0.600 0.150 0.020
0.018 1.200 0.450 0.040
0.054 1.800 1.350 0.060
0.078 2.400 1.950 0.080
0.096 3.000 2.400 0.100
0.120 3.600 3.000 0.120
0.144 4.200 3.600 0.140
0.170 4.800 4.250 0.160
0.204 5.400 5.100 0.180
0.228 6.000 5.700 0.200
0.252 6.600 6.300 0.220
0.268 7.200 6.700 0.240
0.300 7.800 7.500 0.260
0.324 8.400 8.100 0.280
0.360 9.000 9.000 0.300
0.402 9.600 10.050 0.320
0.426 10.200 10.650 0.340
0.448 10.800 11.200 0.360
0.474 11.400 11.850 0.380
0.492 12.000 12.300 0.400
0.516 12.600 12.900 0.420
0.537 13.200 13.425 0.440
0.562 13.800 14.050 0.460
0.576 14.400
14.400
0.480
0.606 15.000
15.150
0.500
0.624 15.600
15.600
0.520
0.648 16.200
16.200
0.540
0.669 16.800
16.725
0.560
0.707 17.400
17.675
0.580
0.720 18.000
18.000
0.600
0.732 18.600
18.300
0.620
0.738 19.200 18.450 0.640

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
90
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.084 0.600
2.100
0.020
0.300 1.200
7.500
0.040
0.372 1.800
9.300
0.060
0.388 2.400
9.700
0.080
0.396 3.000
9.900
0.100
0.413 3.600
10.325
0.120
0.438 4.200
10.950
0.140
0.452 4.800
11.300
0.160
0.468 5.400
11.700
0.180
0.492 6.000
12.300
0.200
0.522 6.600
13.050
0.220
0.556 7.200
13.900
0.240
0.588 7.800
14.700
0.260
0.612 8.400
15.300
0.280
0.636 9.000
15.900
0.300
0.622 9.600
15.550
0.320
0.684 10.200
17.100
0.340
0.714 10.800
17.850
0.360
0.750 11.400
18.750
0.380
0.782 12.000
19.550
0.400
0.816 12.600
20.400
0.420
0.846 13.200
21.150
0.440
0.876 13.800 21.900 0.460
0.900 14.400 22.500 0.480
0.924 15.000 23.100 0.500
0.948 15.600 23.700 0.520
0.960 16.200 24.000 0.540
0.972 16.800 24.300 0.560
0.984 17.400 24.600 0.580
0.996 18.000 24.900 0.600
1.008 18.600 25.200 0.620
1.020 19.200 25.500 0.640
1.020 19.800
25.500
0.660

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
91
) Strain
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.025 0.600 0.625 0.020
0.068 1.200 1.700 0.040
0.125 1.800 3.125 0.060
0.213 2.400 5.325 0.080
0.325 3.000 8.125 0.100
0.453 3.600 11.325 0.120
0.600 4.200 15.000 0.140
0.725 4.800 18.125 0.160
0.825 5.400 20.625 0.180
0.925 6.000 23.125 0.200
0.975 6.600 24.375 0.220
1.050 7.200 26.250 0.240
1.100 7.800 27.500 0.260
1.163 8.400 29.075 0.280
1.200 9.000 30.000 0.300
1.250 9.600 31.250 0.320
1.300 10.200 32.500 0.340
1.333 10.800 33.325 0.360
1.363 11.400 34.075 0.380
1.393 12.000 34.825 0.400
1.425 12.600 35.625 0.420
1.450 13.200 36.250 0.440
1.475 13.800 36.875 0.460
1.498 14.400
37.450
0.480
1.500 15.000
37.500
0.500
1.503 15.600
37.575
0.520
1.523 16.200 38.075 0.540
1.525 16.800 38.125 0.560
1.525 17.400 38.125 0.580
1.525 18.000 38.125 0.600
1.518 18.600 37.950 0.620
1.500 19.200 37.500 0.640
1.463 19.800 36.575 0.660
1.425 20.400 35.625 0.680
1.175 21.000 29.375 0.700

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
92
Appendix IV: Summary of Tensile Test Analyses
Table IV.1: Summary of tensile test analyses of PP/PCG Blend Samples
Sample Code Sample
Composition
Young’s Modulus
(MN/m2
)
Tensile Strength
(MN/m2
)
Percentage
Elongation
310 100%PP/0%PCG 115.625 38.125 70.000
309 90%PP/10%PCG 187.500 25.500 66.000
308 80%PP/20%PCG 31.406 18.450 64.000
307 70%PP/30%PCG 47.500 18.000 40.000
306 60%PP/40%PCG 57.000 17.100 30.000
305 50%PP/50%PCG 48.490 11.700 26.000
304 40%PP/60%PCG 46.360 10.200 22.000
303 30%PP/70%PCG 36.420 5.100 14.000
302 20%PP/80%PCG 15.750 1.875 12.000
Appendix V: Hardness Test Results
Table V.1: Hardness (HRF) Values for PP/PCG blended samples
Sample Code Sample Composition HRF Value
310 100%PP/0%PCG 48.00
309 90%PP/10%PCG 53.40
308 80%PP/20%PCG 53.90
307 70%PP/30%PCG 56.10
306 60%PP/40%PCG 61.00
305 50%PP/50%PCG 4.800
305B 50%PP/50%PCG 4.10
304 40%PP/60%PCG 3.20
303 30%PP/70%PCG 2.50
302 20%PP/80%PCG 1.70

Vol.3 No.7, 2013
93
Appendix VI: Impact Test Results
Table VI.1: Charpy impact test values for PP/PCG blended samples
Sample Code Sample Composition Fracture Area
(m2
)
Impact Energy
(Joule’s)
Impact Strength
(Joule/m2
)
310 100%PP/0%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 1.05 23863.63
309 90%PP/10%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.78 17727.27
308 80%PP/20%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.66 15000.00
307 70%PP/30%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.59 13409.09
306 60%PP/40%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.52 11818.18
305 50%PP/50%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.44 10000.00
305B 50%PP/50%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.36 8181.81
304 40%PP/60%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.29 6590.90
303 30%PP/70%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.24 5454.54
302 20%PP/80%PCG 4.400 × 10"# 0.19 4318.18

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