Download to read offline
Study about contours in architectural design
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 9.
- 11.
- 12. Grading is theact of remodeling the land form. It is one of the most important items in site planning, landscape design and construction. Grading serves three main purposes: - To create a level to put something on; for a house, car, sport play field, a hotel, etc. - To create circulation ways; road way, loading ramp, handicapped ramp, bicycle track, etc. - To create special effect and solve special problem ; make a mound to hide parking lot or reduce sound, prevent erosion and landslide, aesthetic or psychological purposes. GRADING
- 16. MAKING AN AREALEVEL By cutting only
- 17.
- 18. By the combinationof cut and fill
- 19. Grading when notto grade Avoid grading on the following conditions Grading that results in radical loss of vegetation and topsoil Grading that interrupts the natural drainage Grading that results in aesthetic degradation Grading on difficult slopes (excess of 25%) Grading in environmental unique condition; floodplain, bogs, Grading in areas effected by natural disaster; mudslides or along earthquake fault lines
- 20.
- 22. Section through roadwith CROWN Road sloped from side to side
- 27.
- 33. Site development potential Visualimpact climate Overlay technique for Site Analysis Vegetation & wildlife Drainage & elevation soil Percent of slope Base map
- 34. Map ofthe neighbourhood indicating existing and projected property zoning. Existing and projected building uses in the neighbourhood. Age or condition of the neighbourhood buildings. Present and future uses of exterior spaces in the neighbourhood. Any strong vehicular or pedestrian traffic generating functions in the neighbourhood. Existing and projected vehicular movement patterns. Major and minor streets, routes of service vehicles such as trash, bus routes and stops. Solid-void space relationships. Street lighting patterns. Architectural patterns such as roof forms, fenestration, materials, colour, landscaping, formal porosity, relationship to street, car storage strategies, building height etc., Neighbourhood classifications that might place special restrictions or responsibilities on our design work such as "historic district". Nearby buildings of particular value or significance. Fragile images or situations that should be preserved. Sun and shade patterns at different times of the year. Major contour and drainage patterns. Neighbourhood context
- 35. Size and Shape Dimensions of the boundaries of our site. Dimensions of the street rights of way around our site. Location and dimensions of easements. Present site zoning classification. Front, back and side yard setbacks required by zoning classification. Square meter of buildable area inside setbacks (should also subtract easements). Building height restrictions required by zoning classification. Zoning formula for determining required parking based on the type of building to occupy the site. The number of parking spaces required (if we know the building area). Any projected changes that would alter the dimensional characteristics of the site such as street widening or purchase of additional property.
- 36. Circulation On sitesidewalks, paths and other pedestrian movement patterns including users, purposes, schedule of use and volume of use. Off site pedestrian movement patterns using the same characteristics mentioned for on site movement. If a pedestrian movement pattern is considered valuable and to be preserved or reinforced, our analysis should also include an evaluation of how the existing pattern could be improved. Off site or neighbourhood vehicular movement issues such as traffic generators (buildings or uses that are significant destinations or origins of vehicular traffic) as well as the other traffic characteristics outlined under on site traffic. Adjacent or nearby parking areas that may be used for off site car storage in our project. Off site traffic patterns should also include the relation of our site to the public transportation routes, stops at or near our site, probable directions of approach to our site by the users of the new building and directions of dispersal of traffic from our building. Traffic analysis should document future projections to the extent they can be made.
- 37. Circulation On siteor adjacent vehicular movement patterns including type of traffic, origins and destinations, schedule, volume of traffic and peak loads. Also included should be intermittent traffic such as parades, festivals, concerts, fire truck routes, service truck fleets, etc. Locations of probable or optimum access to our site for each type of pedestrian and vehicular traffic that will use the new building or move through the site. Travel time to walk across our site, to drive across the site or by the site where these times may be important to our design (time it takes to walk between classes at a school). It may also be useful to record the time it takes to drive to or from related locations in the city (from our site to downtown, the university, the shopping center, etc.).
- 39. Utilities • Location, capacityand conveyance form (type of pipe, etc.) of power, gas, sewer telephone and water utilities. This should involve the depth of each utility underground and, in the case of power, whether it is above or below grade. Location of power poles. • Where utility lines stop short of our site boundaries, their distances from our site should be given. • Where there are multiple opportunities to connect to utilities that are adjacent to our site, we should record those locations or edges on our site that seem to offer the best connection opportunities. This may be due to the capacities of the utility lines, contour conditions on our site in relation to sewer, the need to minimize on site utility runs, being able to collect utility runs, bringing utilities in at the "back" of the site or dealing with site barriers or difficult soil conditions.
- 40. Visual aspects • Viewsfrom the site including positions on the site where the views are not blocked, what the views are of, whether the views are positive or negative, the angles within which the views can be found, whether the views change over time and the likelihood of view continuance for the long term. • Views to points of interest on the site from within the site boundaries. Includes what the views are of, whether the views are positive or negative, positions on the site where the views are best arid where they are blocked, the angles within which the views can be found and whether the object of the views changes over time. • Views to the site from areas outside the site boundaries, including streets, walks, other buildings and vistas. Includes when the site is first seen, angles within which it is seen, most dramatic views of the property, best views of the site and areas that are viewable, particular points of interest that may be objects of views from outside our site and potential for these views to continue or be blocked by development outside our site over the long term.
- 41. • Views throughour site from positions outside the property. Involves the objects of the views and the various positions where the views occur, whether the views are positive or negative, the angles within which the views can be found, and the likelihood of the view targets as well as the view paths remaining open over the long term. • Locations, generators, schedules, and intensities of any significant noise on or around the site. This analysis should include likelihood of continuance over the tong term. • Locations, generators, schedules and intensities of any significant odors, smoke or other airborne pollution on or around our site. This analysis should include likelihood of continuance over time.
- 42. Physical conditions (environmental& built environment) • Solar orientation, wind conditions, climate considerations • Streetscape characteristics, street furnishings, building patterns, signage • Roadway design, crosswalks, signalization • Handicapped access - facilities and routes • Street patterns, parking locations, parking design, building orientation • Landscaping, vegetation, vegetation massing, habitat areas • Pedestrian routes - sidewalks, trails, pathways, ‘shortcuts’ • Surface conditions, subsurface conditions, utilities • Land uses, building types, height and massing, fenestration patterns • Land forms, topography, drainage characteristics • Water bodies and characteristics • Prevalent building, surface materials, glare, heat, etc. • View characteristics and view types • Spatial characteristics - enclosure, etc.; connections Checklist
- 43. Operational characteristics • Transitroutes, bus stops and bus shelters or furnishings • Defensible space considerations • Traffic patterns, speeds, turning movements, signalization and other traffic controls • Prevalent pedestrian and bicycle use and movements • Noise factors, dust, odors • Distances to destinations, adjacencies • Wildlife Legal constraints • Plans, policies and guidelines • Regulations and codes • Special districts and designations • Land ownership, easements Checklist
- 44. Checklist Existing Infrastructure •Utilities: Electric,gas, oil, wood, etc. (poles, pipes, conduits; from where?) •Water: Drinking water source - well (depth), municipal (from where?) •Sewage: Septic, municipal, composting (where does your sewage go?) •Garbage: Municipal, composting, recycling where does your garbage go?) •Food Production Characteristics that convey ‘meaning’ • Landmarks • Community gathering places or centres • Favourite routes • Parks and recreation areas • Shopping areas • Public and private ‘zones’ • Defensible space characteristics • Historic features
Editor's Notes
- #1 They are composed of a series of line that designate the elevation of the land above sea level. Each line called contour line represents specific level (, elevation). Contour Interval is the difference in elevation values between two adjacent contours, so it indicates the elevation change from one contour line to the next one. - Contour Interval is the same value for every elevation change in the same topography map.
- #2 - the topographic contour map represents an elevation data to show landform in two-dimensional drawing Graphical slope information can be generated by simple techniques from the contour map. Constructing a slope profile from a topographic contour map is to plot the elevation of contour lines on a two-dimensional graph
- #3 Contour interval: spacing between contours Cross section show specific section of that shape X axis represents distance, Y axis represents level change
- #4 A Uniform slope is indicateed by evenly spaced contour plan Closely spaced contour lines indicate a steep slope Widely spaced contour lines indicate a gentle slope A concentric series of closed contours represents a hill. Depression contours have hachure marks on the downhill side, always close, and represent a closed depression
- #5 Contour lines form a V pattern when crossing streams. The apex of the V always points upstream (uphill). A Ridge and Valley are shown similarity, but note that RIDGE with the higher contour inside (contour line pointing down to lower level), VALLEY with the lower contour inside (contour line point- ing up to higher level)
- #6 - CONVEX and CONCAVE landforms are the most common landform found in nature and express the felling differently. High point on SUMMIT or low point in a DEPRESSION are indicated by spot elevation. Existing contour lines are shown in dashed line, proposed new Grade is shown in a set of solid lines. Contour lines don’t cross or divide
- #9 Suitable & recommended slope for each use concerning mobility, possible cut-fill,maintenance and drainage ability.
- #10 For example, if a path's slope vertically climbs 750mm over distance of 15.0m, thepercentage would be: 750mm ÷ 15000mm = 0.05 × 100 = 5%. The gradient expressed as 1:20 ratio can be converted to a percentage (%) by dividing 100 by the denominator of the ratio which is 20 to give a percentage of 5%.
- #11 - Angles of repose for various types of slope materials. (Angles are given in degrees.) - What is Angles of repose? Maximum angle for earth material that it can be inclined, and it will fail if beyond.
- #12 Slopes should be designed and constructed so as to conform to the natural contours of the landscape.
- #13 - Grading should follow the natural topographic contours as much as possible Manufactured slopes should be rounded and shaped to simulate the natural terrain Manufactured slopes should blend with naturally occurring slopes at a radius compatible with the existing natural terrain
- #15 SITE DESIGN VIGINETTE
- #16 the soil is stable require less cost for foundation construction be able to do very steep slope cost to transport earth from the site Retaining wall high cost
- #17 easier to make a very level elevation good for low land, flood problem area. Unstable earth, needs a compaction.
- #18 balance earth in the site, no transportation cost.
- #20 Circulation routes should be level as possible. Two ways to travel up slope terrain (maximum slope for local street is 8%)
- #21 The normal grading method is something between the two extremes with roads or paths climbing and falling gently so as to allow the quickest trip with the least effort.
- #22 A uniform surface means smoothing out the bumps by spacing contours evenly. Draining the level road sometimes requires creating artificial high and low points for water flow direction. These can be shown graphically with contours, spot elevations, or sections.
- #23 Shortest distance but results extensive cutting, common design guide is to align the road centerline with or parallel to the contour lines with minimal grading
- #24 When grading by cutting , begin with the lowest contour and work up, by filling, begin with the top contour and work down. Contours are spaced according to the gradient of the proposed route typically expressed in percent. For 10% slope, one meter interval contours would be spaced 10 m. apart
- #25 The most common way if existing topography is NOT to steep. The procedure is to select the contour in the middle of the road and cut half the contour above, fill half of the contour below.
- #26 If cut/fill creates a steep bank, a heavy rainfall can induce mudslides and erosion. Alternatives to separate the road way (if it is wide enough) should be considered along with the use of retaining wall on the high side of the slope.