Subject cataloguing

Subject cataloguing

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  Subject Cataloguing Dr.Sarika Siddharth Sawant Assistant Professor, SHPT School of Library Science, SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 400 020
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  Definition of SubjectCataloguing S C is the one which shows documents on specific subject possesssed by a given libray. It attempts to bring together entries on a sepcif subject. Subject can be expressed thru Words Notation
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  Subject Catalogue TypesAlphabetico Direct Catalogue Alphabetico Indirect Catalogue Alphabetico Classed Catalogue Classified Catalogue
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  Objectives of SubjectEntries/Cataloguing (1) to enable a person to find a book of which the subject is known, and (2) to show what the library has on a given subject
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  Basic principles ofsubject entries User and Usage Uniform heading Term chosen should not be ambiguous Synonyms should be avoided Terminology Specific and direct entry Cross references See reference See also reference General reference
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  Problems of derivingsubject entries Overlap in subject extension and intention Subjects shifts their scope and coverage and change their nomenclature Subject may not have specific names (single term) More than one name Document may cover one or more than one subject
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  Methods of SubjectAnalysis Printed list of subject headings Chain procedure
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  HOW TO ASSIGNSUBJECT HEADINGS subject content principal concepts subject headings list can be consulted From the list, a subject heading is chosen which will best express the subject content of the work
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  Number of HeadingsAssigned The ideal situation is one in which one heading There is no theoretical or physical limit to the number of headings Cataloger's magie number—three
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  General versus SpecificHeadings Use the most specific heading which expresses the subject of the work In some cases, a specific heading may be assigned to a portion of the work, while a more general heading is assigned to the entire work. For example, if a large portion of a book on mathematics in general is devoted to algebra, both the general heading Mathematics and the specific heading Algebra may be assigned.
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  Multitopical Works more than one heading is usually required For a work dealing with two or three distinctive subjects or concepts separately, assign two or three separate headings For example, for a book about Chinese and Japanese literature, assign two separate headings. When a work deals with four or more subjects, all of which form parts of a larger subject, assign the heading for the larger subject, e.g., use the heading South America—Descrip-tion and travel for a book about traveling in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador.
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  Multielement Works work which treats a single central topic considered from different aspects or containing various elements (such as form, place, and time)—assign a heading which brings out these aspects or elements, if one is available. If such a heading is not available, a new heading may be established or several headings may be used to bring out the aspects and elements as appropriate.
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  Standard Lists ofSubject Headings Library of Congress Subject Headings Subject Headings for Children's Literature Sears List of Subject Headings
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  Advantages of Subject Headings lists Choice of the term among the synonymous terms is to be preferred catalogue entry; Indicates the rendering of the subject heading; ie, the sequence of the terms in a multi-worded heading; The lists also indicate the references to be made (see and see also)
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  Limitations of theSubject Headings lists lists are always found inadequate Most of the lists are based on the practices in one or a few libraries. need constant revision As the intention of the subject increases the subject heading becomes complex 'insufficiënt' for bibliographies and documentation lists Creation of new terms, new terms for old subjects, homonyms and synonyms pose a lot of problems in keeping the lists up-to date
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  Types of SubjectsHeadings 1. Noun Headings : Philosophy Chemistry 2. Adjectival (qualifying the noun) 21            Inverted : Chemistry—Organic 22            Direct : English—Drama 3. Phrase headings ( A phrase formed out of two nouns) 31 Inverted : Plant, Protection of— 32 Direct : Chinese—in India.
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  Sub-Divisions Types 1 Form Subdivision 11               Outer : Music-—Dictionary 12               Inner : Music—History 2 Geographical subdivision 21                Direct : Architecture—India 22                Indirect : India, Politics and government More than one geographic division may be given if warranted : Art.India.Rajaputana Period Division 1         Specific period: Mughal Empire 2         Dynasties: Gupta dynasty 3         Battles: Panipat battle
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  Fiction Subject Headings
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  Non-Fiction Subject Headings
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  CHAIN PROCEDURE Dr. Ranganathan advocated Chain Procedure for the first time i 1938 in his Theory of Library Catalogue and modified in the second and third editions of Classified Catalogue Code It is a semi-mechanical method of deriving Class Index Entries (CIE) classified catalogue and subject headings in a dictionary catalogue
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  Pre-requisites of CHAIN PROCEDURE The class number should be co-extensive with the depth of the specific subject. The class number should provide a string with no gaps.
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  Steps in ChainProcedure I Class number is analysed into a series of classes from the Basic Class or Main Class to the specific subject These series of classes from the Main Class to specific subject constitute a chain and each number of the chain of classes tnu produce a class index entry. Then the chain of classes are retranslated to verbal language m accordance with the specific terms used in the scheme classification. .
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  Steps in ChainProcedure II Unfamiliar, archaic and insufficiently precise terms are replaced with more suitable synonyms. Steps in the chain which are unlikely to Be sought are omitted (unsought links). Steps produeed by faulty subordination in the classification scheme are likewise omitted (false links). Certain of the super-ordinate terms are added to reveal the context. Alink missing in the chain is to be inserted at the proper place (= missing links).
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  Drawing the Chain 1.      Analyse the class number digit by digit; 2.      put an 'equal to' sign (=) infront of each link; 3.      Link the equal to signs with downward arrows; 4.      Look into the classification scheme and write the equivalent terms 5.       Identify if there is a Missing Link and insert it in its position; 6.       Analyse each and every link to decide the sought and unsought links. 7. Prepare headings of CIEs or subject headings taking the last link as the first heading and then upward till the first link is reached (which would be a Basic class or Main class).
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  Illustration E.g. ClassNumber— 011,2J04, P 0 = Literature (Sought link) 01 = Indo-European Literature 011 = Teutonic Literature 0111 = English, Literature (Sought Link) 0111, = (False Link) OUl, 2 = Drama, English (Sought Link) 011, 2J64 = Shakespeare 011, 2J04,P = Othello(Sought Link)
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  Othello 011, 2J04,PShakesphere 0111,2J64 Drama, English 011,2 English Literature 0lll Literature 0
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  Example of Indexingwith DDC 600 = Technology (SL) 620 = Engineering (SL) 621 = Mechanical Engineering [FL] 621.3 = Electrical Engineering (SL) 621.32 = Electrical lightening [FL] 621.328 = Apparatus at service enf of line [UL] 621.328 = Fuses (SL) 621.328 = Cartridge fuses (SL) Headings Cartridge fuses 621.328 Fuses, Electrical Engineering 621.328 Electrical Engineering 621.3 Engineering 620 Technology 600
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  Sears List ofSubject Headings first edition of List of Subject Headings for Small Libraries, prepared by Minnie Earl Sears, appeared in 1923. 1923,1926,1933,1939,1944,1940,1954, 1959, 1965(9th) 1986 , 1991, 1994 , 1997 , 2000 , 2004 (18 th )
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  FORMS OF HEADINGS Single Noun Headings : broad fields of knowledge and concrete objects are represented by headings consisting of a single noun e.g., Chemistry; Education; Law; Books; Rocks; Water; etc. When a noun has more than one meaning, a qualifier is added in parentheses to limit the heading to one subject or concept, e.g., Bridge (Game)
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  Compound Headings: heading consists of two nouns or noun phrases connected by the word and 1.     To connect topics or concepts which are usually treated together in books, e.g., Skis and skiing; Clans and clan system; Cliff dwellers and cliff dwellings 2.     To connect opposite subjects that are usually treated together in books, e.g., Open and closed shop 3. To express a relationship bet ween two concepts or things, e.g., Church and education; Medicine and reügion.
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  Adjective-with-Noun Headings :e.g., English language; Space flight; Ground effect machines; College students; e.g., Chemistry, Physical and theoretical
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  CROSS REFERENCES Specific See References These refer the user from terms that are not used as headings to those that are. In the Sears list, instruction for making see references is given after the heading. The symbol x means that see references are to be made from the terms that follow to the heading immediately above it, e.g., Adolescence Art, Modern x Teen age x Modern art Teen age. Modern art See Adolescence . See Art, Modern
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  Specific Seealso References A see also reference connects a heading to another related heading or headings. Before making the reference, the cataloger should ascertain whether the library has material listed under both headings. The see also references are made for two purposes: (l) to refer from a general subject to more specific parts of it, and (2) to refer from a subject to a related subject of more or less equal specificity. Bees Honey See also Honey see also Bees xx Honey; Insects xx Bees
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  SUBDIVISIONS Different Typessubject or topical; form; period or chronological; place, local, or geographic
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  Subject or TopicalSubdivisions A subject or topical subdivision added to a main heading brings out a special aspect or characteristic of the general subject, e.g., English language—Business English English language—Dialects English language— Etymology Education—Curricula Education—Finance
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  Form Subdivisions 1. Physical or Bibliographic form Chemistry-Dictionaries Library science-Bibliography Railroads—Maps Space sciences—Periodicals 2. Represent the authors point of view or approach to the subject e.g. Economics—History Science—Philosophy Gold- Law and legislation Library science-Study and teaching
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  Bibliography also names of persons, places and subjects with the subdivision Bibliography, e.g., Shakespeare, William— Bibliography; U.S.—Bibliography; Agriculture— Bibliography; etc.
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  Period or ChronologicalSubdivisions National history lends itself to chronological treatment . The period sub­divisions appear as sub-subdivisions under the subdivision— History. U.S.—History — Colonial period, 1600-1775 — King William's War, 1689-1697 —Revolution, 1775-1783 —Civil War, 1861-1865 Japan—History—To 1868 — 1868-1945 — Allied occupation, 1945-1952 — 1952-
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  Place, Local, orGeographic Subdivisions Flowers—U.S. Flowers—Hawaii Flowers—Honolulu Folk art (May subdiv. geog. adjective form, e.g., Folk art, Swedish; etc.)
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  Test Women inPolitics Unicef Annual Report 2000 Bharat Ratnas Special non vegetarian Chambers Biographical Dictionary of Women
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  Test Answers Womenin Politics WOMEN-POLITICAL ACTIVITY Unicef Annual Report 2000 UNITED NATIONS ANNUAL REPORT 2000- PERIODICALS Bharat Ratnas INDIA-BIOGRAPHY Special non vegetarian COOKING-NONVEGETABLES Chambers Biographical Dictionary of Women WOMEN-BIOGRAPHY-DICTIONARIES
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  Test Table Tennisthe skills of the Game McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Computer UGC Model Curriculum: Botany Dictionary of Economics Handbook of Leprosy
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  Test Answers TableTennis the skills of the Game - TABLE TENNIS McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Computer - Computer SCIENCE- DICTIONARIES UGC Model Curriculum: Botany - BOTANY-CURRICULA Dictionary of Economics - ECONOMICS-DICTIONARIES Handbook of Leprosy - LEPROSY-HANDBOOKS, MANUALS, ETC
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  Subject Headings forBiography Individual biography A biography of Robert F. Kênnëdy Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968—Biography. Collective biography General biography : not limited to any geographic area or subject or a particular class of people Webster's Biographical Dictionary or International Who's Who, the heading Biography—Dictiortaries Local Biograghy : contains lives of people from a particular geographic area or a specific'ethrtic group, e.g.V/ho's Who in Australia, and Canadian Who's Who, the subject heading is in the form of the geographic or ethnic name with the subdivision — Biography or —Biography—Dictionaries: Australia—Biography—Dictionaries Canada—Biography—Dictionaries Blacks—Biography
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  Subject Headings forLiterature Literature (with or without subdivisions depending on the scope) American literature (use English literature as the pattern for subdivisions) Drama German drama—History and criticism Essay French essays—History and criticism
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  Thank You