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Suicide
This document discusses suicide from several perspectives. It begins by explaining that suicide is no longer a crime in most Western countries, though it was historically. It then discusses philosophical debates around whether suicide can be a rational choice. The document outlines common suicide methods and risk factors like mental illness, substance abuse, and genetics. It also discusses neurobiological and social factors. Finally, it notes differences in suicide rates by religion and outlines some suicide prevention strategies.
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Suicide
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- 3. LEGISLATION • In mostWestern countries, suicide is no longer a crime, it however was in most Western European countries from the Middle Ages until at least the 1800s. Most of Muslim majority nations label it a criminal offense. In Australia suicide is not a crime. No country in Europe currently considers suicide or attempted suicide to be a crime. England and Wales decriminalized suicide via the Suicide Act 1961 and the Republic of Ireland in 1993. The word "commit" was used in reference to it being illegal however many organizations have stopped it because of the negative connotation. In India, suicide is illegal and surviving family may face legal difficulties. In Germany, active euthanasia is illegal and anyone present during suicide may be prosecuted for failure to render aid in an emergency. Switzerland has recently taken steps to legalize assisted suicide for the chronically mentally ill.
- 4. PHILOSOPHY • A numberof questions are raised within the philosophy of suicide, included what constitutes suicide, whether or not suicide can be a rational choice, and the moral permissibility of suicide. Philosophical arguments in regard to whether or not suicide can be morally acceptable range from strong opposition, (viewing suicide as unethical and immoral), through to perceptions of suicide as a sacrosanct right for anyone (even a young and healthy person) who believes they have rationally and conscientiously come to the decision to end their own lives.
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- 6. Personality Characteristics 1. Impulsivity/ Aggressive 2. External Locus of Control 3. Hopelessness 4. Reduced Specific Memory
- 7. Risk factors contributingto suicide • Mental disorders Mental disorders are often present at the time of suicide with estimates ranging from 27%[ to more than 90%. Half of all people who die by suicide may have major depressive disorder; having this or one of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20-fold. Other conditions implicated include schizophrenia (14%), personality disorders (14%), bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. About 5% of people with schizophrenia die of suicide. Eating disorders are another high risk condition.
- 8. Suicide and MentalDisorders: general population studies
- 9. Neurobiological Factors Recent studiesin neurobiology have implicated deficient neurotransmission of serotonin (a chemical messenger in the brain) as a factor in suicide. The results of chemical analyses of the brains of suicide victims, and other biochemical studies, support the serotonin theory. It is likely that serotonin acts in concert with other chemical messengers in the brain; however, the process by which serotonergic dysregulation may play a part in suicide is still the subject of
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- 12. Drug and AlcoholAbuse Many studies have found higher rates of suicide among alcoholics and drug abusers (Lester, 1992). Alcohol and substance abuse by adolescents often immediately precedes suicidal behaviour. Such abuse is frequently related to the suicidal attempt and deliberately part of the attempt itself. Higher rates of suicidal ideation and behaviors' have been shown among people who are substance abusers across populations and over time. As for other risk factors, having this behavior does not necessarily translate into suicide or suicide attempts. While most substance abusers do not make attempts on their lives, substance abuse does increase risk for people with other vulnerabilities. Many of the physiological, and social effects of severe alcohol abuse (marriage break -ups, disruption of social ties, impairment of work performance and coping skills, lowering of normal restraints on behavior, increased impulsiveness, and depression) would reasonably be expected to increase the likelihood of suicidal behavior .
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- 18. Religion & Countries 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Hindu 1995 Buddhist 1986 Muslim 1985,87 Atheist 1995,96 Christian 1994 totalmale female Suicide rates according to religion (per 100,000)
- 19. Suicide Prevention Strategies Environmental •Reduced access to Methods • Enlightened Media Reporting • Cluster Prevention Individuals at Risk • Identifying and Easy access • Education of GPs • Crisis Line Psychopharmacology • Lithium • Clozapin Psychotherapy • D.B.T.
Editor's Notes
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