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SUNFLOWER INTEGRATEST PEST MANAGEMENT BY MANISH JINDAL
The document provides an overview of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for various insect pests affecting sunflowers, including the tobacco caterpillar, whitefly, and armyworm, among others. It details the biology, life cycle, damage symptoms, natural enemies, and control measures for each pest, emphasizing cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control methods. Recommendations include practices such as intercropping, using synthetic insecticides, and conserving natural enemies to mitigate pest impacts on sunflower crops.
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SUNFLOWER INTEGRATEST PEST MANAGEMENT BY MANISH JINDAL
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- 2. INSECT OF NATIONALSIGNIFICANCE –Tobacco caterpillar: Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) –Head borer: Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) –Jassids: Amrasca biguttula Ishida (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) –Thrips: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thripidae: Thysanoptera)
- 3. – Green semilooper:Thysanoplusia orichalcea Fabricius ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) – Cabbage semilooper: Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) – Bihar hairy caterpillar: Spilosoma obliqua Walker ( Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) – Cutworm: Agrotis ipsilon Rott (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) – Termite: Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) & Microtermes obeli Hol (Isoptera: Termitidae)
- 4. INSECT PEST OFREGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE –Armyworm: Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) –Whitefly: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
- 5. 1. Sunflower Jassids: •Biology: Adults are greenish yellow, wedge shaped with a pair of black spots on vertex and a black spot on each of the forewings. Nymphs pale greenish almost translucent and walk diagonally. • Egg: The female lays eggs inside the leaf veins in the paranchymatous tissues. On an average, each female will lay 10 to 15 eggs. The incubation period varies from 4 to 11 days. • Nymph: Nymphs are greenish yellow. The nymphal period occupies about 7days in summer and 21 days in winter. • Adult: Adults are greenish yellow, wedge shaped with a pair of black spots on vertex and a black spot on each of the forewings. Adults survive for about 5 weeks in summer and 7 weeks in winter.
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- 7. Damage symptoms: – Theincidence starts from seedling stage and prevails right through entire crop growth period. – Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from under surface of leaves and cause stunted growth of plant , yellowing, cupped and crinkled leaves, burnt appearance of leaf margins or entire leaf called 'hopper burn' are symptoms of damage.
- 8. IPM Cultural control: •Close spacingreduces pest infestation particularly if the rainfall is heavy. •Apply adequate amount of nitrogen •Mixed cropping of sunflower with cotton •Intercropping sunflower with groundnut in the ratio(1:4) Mechanical control: •See the common mechanical practices Biological control: Conserve coccinellids like Brumus suturalis, Chilochorus nigritus, Coccinella septumpunctata, Menochllus sexmaculata, Scemnus nubillus Predatory lygaeid Geocoris tricolor and Anthocoris sp., Several mantids like Eumantissa giglio, Cariagrion coromandeliorum, Ichneura sp., Dolichopus sp. and Therevia sp. Release predators viz., Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi Chemical control: Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS @ 5-9ml/Kg seed and imidacloprid 70% WS @ 7ml/ Kg seed. Spray imidacloprid 17.8% SL @40ml/acre diluted in 200 lit of water.
- 9. 2.Sunflower Whitefly: Biology: • Nymphsare oval, scale like and remain attached to the leaf surface. Adults are tiny, moth like with yellowish body and wings coated with milky white waxy powder. • Egg: Pear shaped, light yellowish Stalked • Nymph: On hatching Oval, scale-like, greenish white • Adult: White, tiny, scale-like adult
- 10. LIFE CYCLE OFWHITEFLY
- 11. Damage symptoms: – Nymphsand adults suck sap and excrete honeydew. – A secondary infection develops when a black sooty mould fungus grows on the sticky honeydew. – There are no visible damage symptoms with low numbers of whiteflies. – Under very heavy infestations, plants lose vigour and damage is manifested under severe moisture stress, causing leaf wilting and failure to set seed.
- 12. Natural enemies ofwhitefly: • Parasitoids: Encarsia formosa, Chrysocharis pentheus Eretmocerus spp. • Predators: Mirid bug, green lacewing, lady beetle, big-eyed bugs Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus spp.
- 13. IPM Cultural control: •Intercropping sunflowerwith groundnut in the ratio of 1:4 Mechanical control: •Use of synthetic pyretheroids decreases the intensity of Whitefly. Biological control: •Spray neem product (5% Neem oil before egg laying) or 5 Kg/acre neem kernel extract with any sticky material Chemical control: Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS@5-9ml/Kg seed and imidacloprid 70% WS 7ml/ Kg seed. Spraying of imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 40ml/acre diluted in 200 l of water. or •Spraying of malathion 50% EC @400 ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 14. 3.Sunflower Tobacco caterpillar: •Biology: • It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, wide spread in India. Besides tobacco, it feeds on sunflower, cotton, castor, groundnut, tomato, cabbage and various other cruciferous crops. • Egg: Female moth lays eggs in a mass on the under surface of leaves and covers them with brown hairs. The female lays 500 to 600 eggs which will hatch in 4-5 days.
- 15. • Larva: Grownup larva is stout, cylindrical, pale greenish brown with dark markings. Some have transverse and Longitudinal grey and yellow bands and others have rows of dark spots. It feeds during night time. On an average, larval_ period lasts for 2-3 weeks. • Pupa: Pupation occurs in soil in an earthen cocoon at 5 cm depth or Leaf debris and adults emerge in 6-7 days • Adult: The moth is stout, dark with wavy white markings on the forewings and white hind wings, margin having a brown colour. The total life cycle is completed in 30 to 40 days
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- 17. Damage symptoms: – Initially,the neonate larvae feed gregariously on a single leaf on underside of leaves giving "mesh" like appearance to leaves. – The full grown larva will feed voraciously on leaf leaving petiole and stalk during night time. – It is reported to cause severe damage to the crop by damaging leaves, flower buds and capitulum whenever there is sever outbreak.
- 18. Natural enemies oftobacco caterpillar: • Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp., Tetrastichus spp., Telenomus spp., Chelonus spp., Bracon spp., Ichneumon spp., Carcelia spp., Campoletis spp. • Predators: Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi, ladybird beetle, reduviid bug, spider, fire ant, robber fly, black drongo (King crow), common mynah, big-eyed bug (Geocoris sp), earwig, ground beetle, pentatomid bug (Eocanthecona furcellata), preying mantis etc.
- 19. IPM Cultural control: •Intercropping sunflowerwith pigeonpea Mechanical control: •See the common mechanical practices Biological control: •Conserve natural enemies such as the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens minutum, larval parasitoids, Aponteles prodeniae, Cotesia sp., Peribaea sp. predatory stink bug, Cantheconidia furcellata and pupal parasitoids, Tetrastichus ayyari, Metopius sp. and Trichospilus pupivora are important. •Several general predators like spiders, chrysoperla, predatory bugs, insectivorous birds etc •Spray 5% neem seed kernel extract @5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. •Spray SLNPV @ 100LE/acre for parasitizing the larvae. (SLNPV @ 100 LE/acre with 0.2% kernel is more effective) •Apply Bacilus thuringiensis and Radius cereus for the management of this pest in the field •Spray Cierodedrum inerme dust (25%) and plant extracts (10%) Chemical control: Spray dichlorvos 76% EC @ 250ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 20. 4.Bihar hairy caterpillar: Biology: •This pest occurs during October to December and of late it is also occurring from July. In recent years, it has become an important pest on sunflower also. Egg: Female moth lays eggs in masses on lower surface of leaf which hatch within 3-4 days. Larva: Larvae are hairy, gregarious in early instars (up to 14 days after egg-hatch), later disperse, fully grown larva are of 5 cm long. The larvae are pale yellow coloured with dark yellow hair over the body. Larval period varies from 14 -21 days Pupa: Pupation takes place at 10-20 cm depth in soil Adult: Adult moth has reddish black spots on both the pinkish wings. The life cycle of the pest occupies 38 days at 30 °C.
- 21.
- 22. Damage symptoms: • Younglarvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of the leaves. • Caterpillars feed on leaves and in severe infestation the whole crop is defoliated. • Drying up of infected leaves is the main symptom Natural enemies of bihar hairy caterpillar: Predators: Chrysoperla, Coccinellids
- 23. IPM Cultural control •Use ofwell rotten manures. •Intercropping with pigeon pea at a row ratio of 2:1 is effective in reducing the insect attack. •Hand collection and destruction of egg masses and skeletonized leaves along with first and second instar gregarious larvae. Biological control: •Conserve parasite such as Champs obtusus and Meteorus clichomerictis. •Spray 5% neem seed kernel extract @ 5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. Chemical control: Spray Cypermethrin 10% Ec @260-300ml/acre diluted in 200 – 260 l of water.
- 24. 5.Capitulum borer: Biology: Egg: Eggsof H.armigera are nearly spherical, with a flattened base, giving dome shaped appearance, the apical area surrounding the micropyle is smooth, the rest of the surface sculptured in the form of longitudinal ribs; at first yellow-white, glistening, changing to dark brown before hatching. The diameter of the egg ranges from 0.40 to 0.55 mm. The incubation period of the egg is longer in cold weather and shorter in hot weather, it ranges from 2 to 5 days Larva: larva translucent and yellowish white in colour, with faint yellowish orange longitudinal lines. The head, thoracic and anal shields and legs are brown and the setae dark brown in colour. The full grown larva about 35-42 mm long, general body colour is externally variable, pattern may be in shades of green, straw yellow, and pinkish to reddish brown or even black with one broken stripe along each side of the body and one line on the dorsal side. The larval period vary from season to season, place to place and crop to crop.
- 25. • Pupa: Pupationoccurs in earthen cocoons in the soil which is 14 to 18 mm long, smooth with mahogany brown colour with two tapering parallel spines at the posterior tip. Pupal period varies due to weather conditions and ranges from 5 to 8 days. • Adult: Each female moth can lay on an average of 700-1000 eggs. The female moth is a stout bodied with wing span of 40 mm whereas, male is smaller with wing span of 35 mm. The moth has v-shaped speck on the light brownish forewings and dark borders on the hind wings. Tufts of hairs are present on the tip of the abdomen in female.
- 26.
- 27. Damage symptoms: • Younglarva feeds on the leaves for some time and then attacks flower head. Internal tissues are eaten severely and completely hollowed out. While feeding the caterpillar thrust its head inside leaving the rest of the body outside. • Bore with round holes. • Feed leaves, shoots and buds. • The activity of Helicoverpa starts on sunflower, summer vegetables and maize and continues their generation by Aug-Sept months synchronizing with main crop.
- 28. Natural enemies ofcaptiulum borer: • Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp,Tetrastichus spp, Chelonus spp, Telenomus spp, Bracon spp, • Ichneumon spp, Carcelia spp,Campoletis spp, Senometopia illota • Predators: • Lacewing, lady beetle, spider, fire ant, dragon fly, robber fly, reduviid bug, praying mantis, black drongo, wasp, common mynah Trichogramma Tetrastichus spp Bracon spp
- 29. IPM Cultural control: •Sow 3-4 lines of maize around the sunflower crop to monitor the moth. •Intercropping with Pigeonpea, groundnut, finger millet and soybean. Mechanical control: •Optimum plant population has to be maintained •Apart from hand-pick and destruction of young larvae of Agrotis spp . feeding gregariously on foliage. •Set up light trap @1 trap/acre to attract and kill adults. •Set up pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre •Install bird perches @ 20/acre.
- 30. Biological control: •Release predatorslike Coccinellids, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi @ 1 larva/ head, Menochilus sexmaculata. •Release parasitoides like Trichogramma spp. @ (20,000/acre), Bracon spp., Campoletis spp. •Spray HaNPV 100 LE + Bt @0.2Kg/acre for effective control. •Spray HaNPV 100 LE/acre + 0.4 Kg Jaggery + 80ml Sandovit (or) Teepal; mixing and spray in the evening hours only. •Spray 5% neem oil or 5% neem seed kernel extract @5Kg/acre •Natural enemies as well as honey bees. •Spray Clerodendrum inerme dust (25%) and plant extract (10%). Chemical control: •Spray Emamectin benzoate 5 % w/w + Lufenuron 40 % w/w WG 60g in 500l of water. •Spray Acephate 95.00% SG 790g in 500l of water. •Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD 600ml in 500l of water.
- 31. 6.Sunflower Cutworm: Biology: • Egg:Eggs are cream coloured, globular, laid in batches, on leaves, stems of weeds or crop plants, on Litter; upto1800 eggs/female, hatch in 2-9 days. • Larva: Larvae are brownish above with a broad pale grey band mid line, black stripe laterally, sides greyish green, head capsule black with two white spots, 45 mm length when full grown; feed on foliage at night, hide in soil and debris during day. • Pupa: Pupation take place in soil and the pupa is dark brown in colour • Adult: The adult is a large moth (40-50 mm wing span) with grey forewings and dark brownish black markings, pearly hind wings with a dark fringe. To complete one life cycle, it takes around 30 days.
- 32.
- 33. Damage symptoms • Cutwormsusually feed at night or during overcast days. Newly hatched larvae feed on weeds, and/or young maize plants if present, leaving small irregular holes in the leaves. Such early feeding is of little significance to plants. • Larger larvae may completely cut through stalks, which can cause plants to wilt and die. Severe stand reductions can result. They sometimes drag cut plants under soil clods or into small holes in the soil to continue their feeding during the daylight hours. • When numerous, cutworms can destroy as much as 75% of a crop.
- 34. Natural enemies ofcutworm: • Parasitoids: Cotesia spp, Meterorus spp, Campoletis spp • Predators: Ground beetle Campoletis spp
- 35. IPM Cultural practices: •Avoid waterstagnation in the field/ moisture stress •Sowing sunflower seeds on ridges (6-8 cm height), in cutworm endemic areas •Removal and destruction of crop residues. •Maintain one seedling per hill by thinning at 10-15 days after germination. Mechanical practices: •Apart from hand-pick and destruction of young larvae of Agrotis spp. feeding gregariously on foliage. •Set up light trap @1 trap/acre to attract and kill adults. •Set up pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre. •Install bird perches @ 20/acre.
- 36. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: Release ofTrichogramma chilonus@ 20000/acre. CHEMICAL CONTROL: Spray Dichlorvos 76% EC @ 313.2 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre or Dimethoate 30% EC @ 462 ml in 200-400 l of water/acre. Trichogramma
- 37. 7.Green semilooper: Biology: • Egg:Female moth lays greenish white eggs singly on the under surface of leaf concentrating more on mid canopy. • Larva: Larva is green in colour with a thin white lateral line and two white Lines on the back, active and form loop in motion; swollen at posterior end and tapers anteriorly. • Pupa: Pupation takes place in white transparent silken cocoons in leaf litter or crop debris. • Adult: Adult is a dark brownish moth with golden coloured triangle on forewings with a tuft of hair on thoracic region. Total life cycle takes 30 days.
- 38.
- 39. Damage symptoms: • Earlyinstars feed on chlorophyll, tender leaves with transparent leaf spots, later feed from leaf margin and defoliate leaving midribs in case of severe incidence.
- 40. Natural enemies ofgreen semilooper: • Parasitoids: Trichogramma spp, Cotesia spp, Apanteles ruficrus, A.africanus, Euplecturs ceylonensis, Campoletis chloridae, Exorista xanthaspis, Copidosoma ftoridanum, Disophrys lurea and Enicospilus sp. • Predators: lady bird beetles, chrysoperla, mantids and spiders Trichogramma Campoletis spp Ladybird beetle
- 41. Cultural practices: •Avoid waterstagnation in the field/ moisture stress •Removal and destruction of crop residues, volunteer sunflower plants reduce the disease severity •Maintain one seedling per hill by thinning at 10-15 days after germination. Mechanical practices: •Optimum plant population has to be maintained •Apart from hand-pick and destruction of young larvae of Agrotis spp . feeding gregariously on foliage. •Set up light trap @1 trap/acre to attract and kill adults. •Set up pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre •Install bird perches @ 20/acre IPM
- 42. •Biological control: •Conserve naturalenemies such as egg parasitoids like Trichogramma spp, larval parasitoids like Cotesia spp, Apanteles ruficrus, A.africanus, Euplecturs ceylonensis, Campoletis chloridae, Exorista xanthaspis, Copidosoma ftoridanum, Disophrys lurea and Enicospilus sp. •General predators like lady bird beetles, chrysoperla, mantids and spiders •A few birds also predate such as ashy wren warbler, tailor bird, green leaf warbler black drongo and house sparrow Chemical control: Spraying of dichlorvos 76% EC @250ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 43. 8.Cabbage semilooper: Biology: • Egg:The female moth lays greenish white, spherical sculptured eggs singly on the under surface of sunflower leaf. • Larva: The larva is slender, attenuated anteriorly and full grown larvae measures 38 mm. Larva is green with wavy white lines and broader lateral white stripe.
- 44. • Pupa: Itpupates in a thin transparent cocoon on the under surface of leaves. • Adult: The moth is stout, brown in colour with light wavy markings and a more slender white mark on fore wings. Total life cycle takes about one month.
- 45.
- 46. Damage symptoms: • Initially,early instars feed on chlorophyll and tender leaves. • In case of severe incidence, gown up larvae feed from leaf margin and defoliate the entire plant leaving midribs.
- 47. Cultural practices: •Avoid waterstagnation in the field/ moisture stress •Removal and destruction of crop residues, volunteer sunflower plants reduce the disease severity •Maintain one seedling per hill by thinning at 10-15 days after germination. Mechanical practices: •Optimum plant population has to be maintained •Apart from hand-pick and destruction of young larvae of Agrotis spp . feeding gregariously on foliage. •Set up light trap @1 trap/acre to attract and kill adults. •Set up pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre •Install bird perches @ 20/acre IPM
- 48. •Biological control: Spray 5%neem seed and kernel extract @5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. Chemical control: Spraying of Dichlorvos 76% EC @250ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 49. Management Activity Pre-sowing* Common CulturalPractices: Deep ploughing during summer exposes the pests and weeds to high temperature and reduces their load present in the soil. Crop rotation of 3-4 years reduces soil borne diseases Adopt timely sowing should be done. Keeping field bunds and crop free of weeds to avoid high pest load as it favours the pest build up on the main crop. CROP STAGE WISE IPM
- 50. Thrips Cultural control: Mixedcropping of sunflower with cotton Growing of sorghum/pearl millet/maize 10 days before sowing of main crop 5-7 rows as a barrier against thrips Termite Cultural control: Destroying queen by digging it out from the termitorium in red soil areas. Field sanitation and use of fully decomposed FYM mixed with wood ash will reduce termite activity
- 51. Sowing/Seedling* Common cultural practices: Application of balanced dose of NPK fertilizers Use healthy, clean, quality, certified and weed free seeds. Timely sowing with recommended spacing Use tolerant/resistant varieties Sow trap crops like marigold at@50 plants/acre Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of plant debris Use of pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre Set up of light traps @1trap/acre Set up yellow sticky traps @4-5traps/acre coated with grease/sticky oily materials. Collect and destroy egg masses, larvae and damaged leaves in early stage
- 52. Cutworm Cutural control: Sowingsunflower seeds on ridges (6-8 cm height), in cutworm endemic areas. Biological control: Release of Trichogramma c chilonus@ 20000/acre. Trichogramma
- 53. Jassids Cultural control: Close spacing reduces pest infestation particularly if the rainfall is heavy. Apply adequate amount of nitrogen Mixed cropping of sunflower with cotton Intercropping sunflower with groundnut in the ratio(1:4) Mechanical control: Collection and destruction of plant debris Use of pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre Set up of light traps @1trap/acre Set up yellow sticky traps @4-5traps/acre coated with grease/sticky oily materials. Collect and destroy egg masses, larvae and damaged leaves in early stage
- 54. Biological control: Conservecoccinellids like Brumus suturalis, Chilochorus nigritus, Coccinella septumpunctata, Menochllus sexmaculata, Scemnus nubillus Predatory lygaeid Geocoris tricolor and Anthocoris sp., Several mantids like Eumantissa giglio, Cariagrion coromandeliorum, Ichneura sp., Dolichopus sp. and Therevia sp. Release predators viz., Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi Chemical control: Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS @ 5-9ml/Kg seed and imidacloprid 70% WS @ 7ml/ Kg seed. Spray imidacloprid 17.8% SL @40ml/acre diluted in 200 lit of water.
- 55. White fly** Culturalcontrol: Intercropping sunflower with groundnut in the ratio of 1:4 Mechanical control: Use of synthetic pyretheroids decreases the intensity of Whitefly. Biological control: Spray neem product (5% Neem oil before egg laying) or 5 Kg/acre neem kernel extract with any sticky material Chemical control: Seed treatment with imidacloprid 48% FS@5-9ml/Kg seed and imidacloprid 70% WS 7ml/ Kg seed. Spraying of imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 40ml/acre diluted in 200 l of water. or Spraying of malathion 50% EC @400 ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 56. Tobacco caterpillar Cultural control: Intercroppingsunflower with pigeonpea Mechanical control: See the common mechanical practices Biological control: Conserve natural enemies such as the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens minutum, larval parasitoids, Aponteles prodeniae, Cotesia sp., Peribaea sp. predatory stink bug, Cantheconidia furcellata and pupal parasitoids, Tetrastichus ayyari, Metopius sp. and Trichospilus pupivora are important. Several general predators like spiders, chrysoperla, predatory bugs, insectivorous birds etc
- 57. Spray 5% neemseed kernel extract @5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. Spray SLNPV @ 100LE/acre for parasitizing the larvae. (SLNPV @ 100 LE/acre with 0.2% kernel is more effective) Apply Bacilus thuringiensis and Radius cereus for the management of this pest in the field Spray Cierodedrum inerme dust (25%) and plant extracts (10%) Chemical control: Spray dichlorvos 76% EC @ 250ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 58. Vegetative stage Common culturalpractices: Avoid water stagnation in the field/ moisture stress Removal and destruction of crop residues, volunteer sunflower plants reduce the disease severity Maintain one seedling per hill by thinning at 10-15 days after germination. Common mechanical practices: Optimum plant population has to be maintained Apart from hand-pick and destruction of young larvae of Agrotis spp . feeding gregariously on foliage. Set up light trap @1 trap/acre to attract and kill adults. Set up pheromone traps @4-5 traps/acre Install bird perches @ 20/acre
- 59. Tobacco caterpillar Cultural control: Handcollection and destruction of egg masses and skeletonized leaves along with first and second instar gregarious larvae. As mentioned above in the seedling stage. Green semilooper Mechanical control: See the common mechanical practices Biological control: Conserve natural enemies such as egg parasitoids like Trichogramma spp, larval parasitoids like Cotesia spp, Apanteles ruficrus, A.africanus, Euplecturs ceylonensis, Campoletis chloridae, Exorista xanthaspis, Copidosoma ftoridanum, Disophrys lurea and Enicospilus sp. General predators like lady bird beetles, chrysoperla, mantids and spiders A few birds also predate such as ashy wren warbler, tailor bird, green leaf warbler black drongo and house sparrow Chemical control: Spraying of Dichlorvos 76% EC @250ml/acre diluted in 200- 400 l of water.
- 60. Cabbage semilooper Biological control: Spray5% neem seed and kernel extract @5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. Bihar hairy caterpillar Cultural control Use of well rotten manures. Intercropping with pigeon pea at a row ratio of 2:1 is effective in reducing the insect attack. Hand collection and destruction of egg masses and skeletonized leaves along with first and second instar gregarious larvae. Biological control: Conserve parasite such as Champs obtusus and Meteorus clichomerictis Spray 5% neem seed kernel extract @ 5Kg/acre preferably in the evening. Chemical control: Spray cypermethrin 10% EC @260-300ml/acre diluted in 200 – 260 l of water.
- 61. Capitulum borer Cultural control: Sow3- 4 lines of maize around the sunflower crop to monitor the moth. Intercropping with pigeonpea, groundnut, finger millet and soybean. Mechanical control: See the common mechanical practices
- 62. Biological control: Release predatorslike Coccinellids, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi @ 1 larva/ head, Menochilus sexmaculata Release parasitoides like Trichogramma spp @ (20,000/acre), Bracon spp., Campoletis spp. Spray HaNPV 100 LE + Bt @0.2Kg/acre for effective control. Spray HaNPV 100 LE/acre + 0.4 Kg Jaggery + 80ml Sandovit (or) Teepal; mixing and spray in the evening hours only. Spray 5% neem oil or 5% neem seed kernel extract @5Kg/acre Natural enemies as well as honey bees. Spray Clerodendrum inerme dust (25%) and plant extract (10%).
- 63. Storage Store grain insect pests Moisture content of seedsshould not exceed 6.5% and relative humidity of storage containers should not exceed 70% to minimise losses due to insect pests during storage.